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. 2018 Jul 3;12:1985–1996. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S156941

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© 2018 Popescu et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

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Schematic presentation of the contribution of increased hexosamine pathway flux in pathogenesis of DR.

Note: Original figure; adapted from data from Giacco and Brownlee.41

Abbreviations: DR, diabetic retinopathy; F-6-P, fructose-6-phosphate; G-6-P, glucose-6-phosphate; GFAT, glutamine–fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase; GlcN-6P, N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; TGF-α, transforming growth factor-alpha; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor-beta 1.