Table 2.

Comparison of the main changes observed in the secretome or co-culture treatments of tumor cells.

	SCC-25 tumor cells’ autocrine effects	Normal fibroblast effects	CAFs’ effects from direct co-culture	TGF-β1	Normal fibroblasts’ effects when TGF-β1 was neutralized
Proliferation	Maintains basic survival	Three times induction of proliferation	Induces proliferation	Up to 50% reduction of cell growth	Even more proliferation than with Fibs CM
Migration	Only maintenance	Induction of cell migration in all cells	Induction of cell migration in all cells	Individual cell groups migrate	Cell migration reduced
EMT-like gene expression	Epithelial factors maintained	Mesenchymal vimentin increased	Mesenchymal vimentin increased	E-cadherin decreased	Increase in vimentin is lower
Main effects	Maintenance of epithelial phenotype	Induction of mesenchymal genes, proliferation, and cell migration	Induction of mesenchymal genes, proliferation, and cell migration	Cell loss, reduction of E-cadherin gene expression, and dissemination of tumor cells	More proliferation, less migration, and less vimentin

TGF-β1: transforming growth factor beta 1; CAF: cancer-associated fibroblast; EMT: epithelial–mesenchymal transition; CM: conditioned medium.