Table 4. Hazard ratios of various risk factors for all-cause mortality among subjects with and without diabetes.
| Individuals with diabetes | Individuals without diabetes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Hazard ratio | p value | Hazard ratio | p value |
| (95% CI) | (95% CI) | |||
| Age (years) | 1.008 (1.007–1.009) | <0.001 | 1.010 (1.008–1.012) | <0.001 |
| Gender (Male) | 0.709 (0.550–0.913) | 0.008 | 1.037 (0.587–1.831) | 0.9 |
| Hypertension | 1.181 (0.968–1.442) | 0.102 | 1.089 (0.656–1.807) | 0.741 |
| (≥140/90 mmHg or using drug treatment) | ||||
| Physical inactivity | 0.990 (0.740–1.324) | 0.945 | 0.541 (0.283–1.036) | 0.064 |
| Abdominal obesity | 0.607 (0.491–0.751) | <0.001 | 0.629 (0.388–1.020) | 0.06 |
| HbA1c %) | 1.023 (1.018–1.029) | <0.001 | 1.346 (0.836–2.167) | 0.221 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 1.155 (0.946–1.411) | 0.156 | 0.807 (0.472–1.380) | 0.433 |
| (≥200 mg/dL) | ||||
| Hypertriglyceridemia | 1.112 (0.911–1.357) | 0.297 | 0.718 (0.378–1.365) | 0.312 |
| (≥150 mg/dL) | ||||
| Smoking (Yes) | 1.232 (0.900–1.687) | 0.194 | 1.898 (0.957–3.766) | 0.067 |
| Alcohol (Yes) | 1.107 (0.807–1.518) | 0.53 | 1.357 (0.687–2.679) | 0.38 |
| Complications*¤ in those with diabetes | ||||
| Any one complication | 1.123 (0.857–1.471) | 0.4 | ||
| Any two complications | 1.106 (0.827–1.479) | 0.498 | ||
| Any three complications | 2.236 (1.615–3.094) | <0.001 | ||
| All four complications | 2.605 (1.516–4.475) | <0.001 | ||
*¤Adjusted for age and gender
¤Complications include—retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease and coronary artery disease.