Table 1.
Participants’ Characteristics at Baseline (2002-2003) and Outcomes at End of Study (2012-2013)
| Characteristic | Total Sample | No Condition at Baseline | 1 Condition at Baseline | ≥2 Conditions (Multimorbidity) at Baseline |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All eligible, No. (%) | 4,564 (100.0) | 1,477 (32.4) | 1,534 (33.6) | 1,553 (34.0) |
| Multimorbidity by 2012-2013, No. (%) | 2,897 (63.5) | 377 (25.5) | 1,001 (65.3) | NA |
| ≥1 Additional condition by 2012-2013, No. (%) | 2,845 (62.3) | 901 (61.0) | 1,001 (65.3) | 943 (60.7) |
| Age-group, No. (%) | ||||
| 50-54 y | 1011 (22.2) | 462 (31.3) | 347 (22.6) | 202 (13.0) |
| 55-59 y | 1093 (24) | 392 (26.5) | 372 (24.3) | 329 (21.2) |
| 60-64 y | 792 (17.4) | 245 (16.6) | 272 (17.7) | 275 (17.7) |
| 65-69 y | 762 (16.7) | 182 (12.3) | 266 (17.3) | 314 (20.2) |
| 70-74 y | 518 (11.4) | 130 (8.8) | 158 (10.3) | 230 (14.8) |
| 75-79 y | 267 (5.9) | 48 (3.3) | 86 (5.6) | 133 (8.6) |
| 80-84 y | 103 (2.3) | 15 (1.0) | 27 (1.8) | 61 (3.9) |
| ≥85 y | 18 (0.4) | 3 (0.2) | 6 (0.4) | 9 (0.6) |
| Female, No. (%) | 2,570 (56.3) | 737 (49.9) | 856 (55.8) | 977 (62.9) |
| Total wealth, median (IQR), £ | 166,899.7 (82,689-303,170.1) | 190,500 (105,039.6-337,505) | 181,000 (893,45.5-315,573.5) | 134,742.6 (57,158.52-254,200) |
| Wealth quintile, No. (%) | ||||
| 1 Wealthiest | 896 (19.6) | 354 (24.0) | 329 (21.5) | 213 (13.7) |
| 2 | 896 (19.6) | 290 (19.6) | 325 (21.2) | 281 (18.1) |
| 3 | 896 (19.6) | 333 (22.6) | 284 (18.5) | 279 (18.0) |
| 4 | 898 (19.7) | 258 (17.5) | 298 (19.4) | 342 (22.0) |
| 5 Least wealthy | 897 (19.7) | 214 (14.5) | 268 (17.5) | 415 (26.7) |
| Missing | 81 (1.8) | 28 (1.9) | 30 (2.0) | 23 (1.5) |
| Educational attainment, No. (%)a | ||||
| Undergraduate degree or higher | 1,342 (29.4) | 508 (34.4) | 451 (29.4) | 383 (24.7) |
| Intermediate | 1,801 (39.5) | 601 (40.7) | 616 (40.2) | 584 (37.6) |
| No qualifications | 1,421 (31.1) | 368 (24.9) | 467 (30.4) | 586 (37.7) |
| Lives alone, No. (%) | 2,823 (61.9) | 921 (62.4) | 930 (60.3) | 972 (62.6) |
| BMI category, No. (%) | ||||
| Underweight | 25 (0.6) | 10 (0.7) | 9 (0.6) | 6 (0.4) |
| Normal weight | 1,086 (23.8) | 428 (29.0) | 371 (24.2) | 287 (18.5) |
| Overweight | 1,835 (40.2) | 626 (42.4) | 623 (40.6) | 586 (37.7) |
| Obese | 1,187 (26.0) | 293 (19.8) | 389 (25.4) | 505 (32.5) |
| Missing | 431 (9.4) | 120 (8.1) | 142 (9.3) | 169 (10.9) |
| Smoking behavior, No. (%) | ||||
| Never smoked | 1,772 (38.8) | 604 (40.9) | 613 (40.0) | 555 (35.7) |
| Smoked in past | 2,101 (46.0) | 642 (43.5) | 696 (45.4) | 763 (49.1) |
| Current smoker | 691 (15.1) | 231 (15.6) | 225 (14.7) | 235 (15.1) |
| Physical activity, No. (%)b | ||||
| Sedentary | 162 (3.6) | 31 (2.1) | 44 (2.9) | 87 (5.6) |
| Low | 877 (19.2) | 201 (13.6) | 267 (17.4) | 409 (26.3) |
| Medium | 2456 (53.8) | 810 (54.8) | 849 (55.4) | 797 (51.3) |
| High | 1067 (23.4) | 434 (29.4) | 374 (24.4) | 259 (16.7) |
| Missing | 2 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) |
| Social detachment, No. (%)c | 414 (9.1) | 113 (7.7) | 126 (8.2) | 175 (11.3) |
| Missing | 395 (8.7) | 123 (8.3) | 128 (8.3) | 144 (9.3) |
| External locus of control, No. (%)d | 2979 (65.3) | 906 (61.3) | 1000 (65.2) | 1073 (69.1) |
| Missing | 268 (5.9) | 78 (5.3) | 82 (5.4) | 108 (7.0) |
BMI = body mass index; IQR = interquartile range; NA = not applicable.
Note: Characteristics were assessed in 2002-2003, except for BMI, which was assessed in the 2004-2005 nurse visit. Covariates with no row for missing data had no missing data.
Educational attainment was categorized into higher education/degree, intermediate (secondary education/high school), or no qualifications.
Physical activity was assessed using methodology from the Allied Dunbar fitness survey.
Participants were considered “socially detached” if they were detached from at least 3 out of 4 assessed domains; civic participation, leisure activities, cultural engagement, and social networks (Supplemental Appendix, available at http://www.AnnFamMed.org/content/16/4/322/suppl/DC1/).
External locus of control means believing that life events are outside of one’s control.