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Upstream 3D sample focussing produces a distinct fractionation cut-off. (a) Hydrodynamic focussing of the sample into a central column prior to inertial focussing and (b) produces graded size-dependent particle and cell sorting efficiencies with Ū 4–6 m/s. (c) Upstream Dean and hydrodynamic sample focussing into a tight core stream (d) produces a 4-μm-diameter sorting cut-off with Ū 4–6 m/s. Insets, structured sample streams without microchannel walls.
