Table 2.
Comparison of outcome measures between TKD group and control group and within individual groups.
| TKD group (n = 51) | Control group (n = 94) | Between-groups difference in mean scores (95% CI) | p value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TKD group vs. Control group | p value | Effect size | Group | Time | Group × Time | |||
| Primary outcome | ||||||||
| Delay in skeletal development (chronological age – bone age), years | 0.990 | <0.001* | 0.959 | |||||
| Baseline | 1.17 (1.76) | 0.21 (1.60) | 0.96 (0.30, 1.47) | 0.003b | 0.57 | |||
| 3 months | 0.43 (1.61)a | −0.34 (1.78)a | 0.77 (0.03, 1.26) | 0.041 | 0.45 | |||
| 6 months | 0.38 (1.68)a | −0.47 (1.72)a | 0.85 (0.07, 1.31) | 0.029 | 0.50 | |||
| Secondary outcomes | ||||||||
| MABC total impairment score | 0.535 | <0.001* | 0.134 | |||||
| Baseline | 20.53 (7.45) | 19.58 (7.70) | 0.95 (−1.50, 3.76) | 0.396 | 0.13 | |||
| 3 months | 17.01 (8.08)a | 17.47 (9.60)a | −0.46 (−3.58, 2.73) | 0.790 | 0.05 | |||
| 6 months | 15.74 (8.86)a | 17.27 (9.88)a | −1.53 (−4.28, 2.32) | 0.558 | 0.16 | |||
| EHC accuracy value, mm | 0.991 | 0.683 | 0.911 | |||||
| Baseline | 53.41 (77.78) | 79.75 (85.75) | −26.34 (−55.97, −0.37) | 0.047 | 0.32 | |||
| 3 months | 28.85 (57.88) | 41.35 (68.47) | −12.50 (−34.64, 7.85) | 0.214 | 0.20 | |||
| 6 months | 29.27 (57.75) | 39.08 (67.14) | −9.81 (−31.71, 10.37) | 0.317 | 0.16 | |||
| EHC reaction time, ms | 0.280 | 0.310 | 0.706 | |||||
| Baseline | 523.09 (153.19) | 486.36 (147.09) | 36.73 (−14.92, 87.78) | 0.163 | 0.24 | |||
| 3 months | 538.60 (211.02) | 497.85 (194.14) | 40.75 (−27.87, 109.88) | 0.241 | 0.20 | |||
| 6 months | 541.29 (200.73) | 513.91 (224.79) | 27.38 (−50.85, 98.69) | 0.528 | 0.13 | |||
| EHC movement time, ms | 0.507 | 0.004* | 0.390 | |||||
| Baseline | 700.42 (242.71) | 648.16 (292.26) | 52.26 (−47.15, 143.42) | 0.320 | 0.19 | |||
| 3 months | 645.50 (265.01)a | 624.51 (294.89) | 20.99 (−75.81, 120.77) | 0.652 | 0.07 | |||
| 6 months | 644.15 (287.08)a | 613.66 (291.43) | 30.49 (−73.02, 126.74) | 0.596 | 0.11 | |||
| mCTSIB composite sway index | 0.937 | 0.092 | 0.915 | |||||
| Baseline | 2.28 (0.71) | 2.27 (0.64) | 0.01 (−0.22, 0.24) | 0.948 | 0.01 | |||
| 3 months | 2.28 (0.54) | 2.23 (0.44) | 0.05 (−0.12, 0.21) | 0.617 | 0.10 | |||
| 6 months | 2.11 (0.43) | 2.10 (0.38) | 0.01 (−0.13, 0.14) | 0.962 | 0.02 | |||
Means (standard deviations) are presented unless otherwise specified.
Abbreviations. MABC = Movement Assessment Battery for Children, EHC = eye–hand coordination, mCTSIB = modified Clinical Test of Sensory Integration of Balance, TKD = Taekwondo, CI = confidence interval.
*p < 0.05.
Within group: ap < 0.017 (Bonferroni adjusted) when compared with baseline values.
Between groups: bp < 0.017 (Bonferroni adjusted).