Table 2.

Trunk maximal isometric flexion and extension moments normalized to body mass (Nm/kg) for the four groups of participants: elite athletes (athletes) with (LBP) and without (healthy) chronic non-specific low-back pain and participants of the general population (non-athletes), also with and without chronic non-specific low-back pain (means ± standard deviation).

Parameter	Non-athletes		Athletes
Isometric contractions	Healthy (n = 14)	LBP (n = 15)	Healthy (n = 15)	LBP (n = 15)
MomentExt. -15° (Nm/kg)#,∗	3.65 ± 1.16	2.76 ± 1.03	4.20 ± 1.10	3.78 ± 0.84
MomentExt.5° (Nm/kg)#,∗	3.86 ± 1.08	3.37 ± 1.33	4.87 ± 0.44	4.10 ± 0.65
MomentExt.30° (Nm/kg)#,∗	4.17 ± 1.13	3.61 ± 1.28	5.19 ± 0.75	4.48 ± 0.92
MomentFlex. -15° (Nm/kg)#	2.06 ± 0.43	1.81 ± 0.43	2.23 ± 0.34	2.34 ± 0.52
MomentFlex.5° (Nm/kg)#	2.06 ± 0.37	1.85 ± 0.40	2.20 ± 0.27	2.38 ± 0.52
MomentFlex.30° (Nm/kg)#	1.98 ± 0.31	1.83 ± 0.43	2.06 ± 0.32	2.26 ± 0.36

^#Significant (p < 0.05) group effect (athletes vs. non-athletes). ^∗Significant (p < 0.05) low-back pain effect (healthy vs. LBP participants).