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. 2018 May 28;27(3):379–392. doi: 10.1177/0963689718754560

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© The Author(s) 2018

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Fig. 2. — Site-specific nuclease (SSN)-based genome editing tools. (A) Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs). Two zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) cooperate for site-specific recognition with a 3-bp pairing/zinc finger and dimerized FokI to create double-strand breaks (DSBs) on DNA. (B) Transcription activator-like effector-based nucleases (TALENs). Two TALENs cooperate for site-specific recognition with 1-bp pairing/repeat variable di-residues (RVDs) and dimerized FokI to create DSBs on DNA. (C–E) Cas9-based SSN system. sgRNA recognizes specific sites via Watson–Crick pairing and cleavage target DNA (C) with wild-type Cas9 (which makes DSB), (D) Cas9 nickase (double-strand nicking with PAM-out and PAM-in orientations), and (E) FokI-dCas9 (which creates DSBs with dimerized FokI).