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Schematic of the ON and OFF pathway circuits in the mammalian retina. Open circles indicate sign-inverting synapses, closed circles indicate sign-conserving synapses, and zig-zag arrows indicate photosensitive cells. BC: bipolar cells; AII: type II amacrine cell, GC: ganglion cell; ipRGC: intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell. Modified from Soucy et al., 1998.216
