Fig. 1.

Instrument and procedure for multimodal spectral histopathology (MSH). a The MSH instrument consists of an inverted optical microscope with integrated Raman spectrometer (excitation 785 nm, detection Raman shift range 600–1800 cm^− 1) and confocal auto-fluorescence (AF) module (excitation 405 nm, detection range 450–520 nm). b The MSH measurement procedure can be completed in 12–24 min, depending on tissue size (up to 4 × 6.5 cm²). Steps in white boxes are automated (do not require user input). After MSH analysis, the tissue is returned for normal histopathology analysis