Table 4.

Effectiveness on mother - infant dyadic outcomes

Mother- infant dyadic outcomes	Review	Intervention	Effectiveness on the outcome			Additional information on impact
			Positive impact	No impact	Inconclusive
Quality of the mother–infant relationship	Evans et al., 2014 [26]	SM, NSTEP-P, KC, TH, MITP	√	–	–	Effect sizes ranged from small, 0.38 to large, 2.81
Symmetrical co-regulation		KC	√	–	–	large effect size 2.72
Asymmetrical co-regulation		KC	√	–	–	large effect size −2.81
Mutual attention		MITP	√	–	–	large effect size 1.95
Maternal sensitivity and/or responsiveness in interactions with the infant	Benzies et al., 2013 [30]	PBIP, COPE, MITP, M-MITP, NSTEP-P	–	–	√	Overall effect was not significant. Pooled effect Z = 1.84 (P = 0.07). Included studies showed positive effect of MITP and M-MITP
	Zhang et al., 2014 [24]	H-HOPE, MITP, COPE, EI	√			No effect size reported
Mother –infant attachment	McGregor et al., 2012 [35]	KC	√	–	–	Five of the six studies reported significant improvements
Mother-infant interaction	Goyal et al., 2013 [33]	Home based interventions (unspecified)	√	–	–	No effect size reported. 13 of the 14 studies reported positive intervention effect on any parent-infant interaction measures
	McGregor et al., 2012 [35]	KC	√	–	–	At 6 months, mother-infant interactions were significantly more optimal for the KC group (p < 0.05).
	Zhang et al., 2014 [24]	MITP, M-MITP, COPE, H-HOPE, EI	√	–	–	No effect size reported

Interventions: COPE Creating Opportunities for Parent Empowerment, EI Early intervention, H-HOPE Hospital to Home, KC Kangaroo Care, M-MITP Modified Mother Infant Transaction Programme, MITP Mother–Infant Transaction Program, NSTEP-P Nursing Systems Towards Effective Parenting-Preterm, PBIP Parent-Baby Interaction Programme, SM State Modulation, TH Traditional Holding