Table 1.
descriptive characteristic of the participants by sex
| Variables | Male | Female | P-value | All |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | 77 (22.6) | 264 (77.4) | 341 | |
| Age (Ma ± SD) | 54.4 ± 11.9 | 56.6 ± 10.2 | 0.101 | 56.1 ± 10.6 |
| Socio-demographic (N (%)) | ||||
| Marital status | 0.093 | |||
| Never | 29 (37.7) | 114 (45.2) | 143 (41.9) | |
| Current | 28 (36.4) | 56 (21.2) | 84 (24.6) | |
| Co-habiting | 5 (6.5) | 20 (7.6) | 25 (7.3) | |
| Single | 3 (3.9) | 11 (4.2) | 14 (4.1) | |
| Widowed/divorced/separated | 12 (15.6) | 63 (23.9) | 75 (22.0) | |
| Education Level | 0.581 | |||
| Primary | 19 (24.7) | 67 (25.4) | 86 (25.2) | |
| Secondary | 46 (59.7) | 165 (62.5) | 211 (61.9) | |
| Vocation | 7 (9.1) | 24 (9.1) | 31 (9.1) | |
| College/University | 5 (6.5) | 8 (3.0) | 13 (3.8) | |
| Employment Status | 0.332 | |||
| Full time | 10 (13.0) | 21 (8.0) | 31 (9.1) | |
| Part time | 7 (9.1) | 14 (5.3) | 21 (6.2) | |
| Self employed | 3 (3.9) | 12 (4.5) | 15 (4.4) | |
| Unemployed | 41 (53.2) | 170 (64.4) | 211 (61.9) | |
| Retired | 16 (20.8) | 47 (17.8) | 63 (18.5) | |
| Salary levels b | 0.704 | |||
| ≤ ZAR 2000 | 3 (3.9) | 17 (6.4) | 20 (5.9) | |
| ZAR 2000–5000 | 72 (93.5) | 240 (90.9) | 312 (91.5) | |
| ≥ ZAR 5000 | 2 (2.6) | 7 (2.7) | 9 (2.6) | |
| Smoking | 0.005 | |||
| Never | 29 (37.7) | 155 (58.7) | 184 (54.0) | |
| Current | 30 (39.0) | 66 (25.0) | 96 (28.2) | |
| Former | 18 (23.4) | 43 (16.3) | 61 (17.9) | |
| Alcohol | 0.004 | |||
| Never | 22 (28.6) | 122 (46.2) | 144 (42.2) | |
| Current | 39 (50.6) | 81 (30.7) | 120 (35.2) | |
| Former | 16 (20.8) | 61 (23.1) | 77 (22.6) | |
| Own a car | 0.340 | |||
| None | 74 (96.1) | 242 (91.7) | 316 (92.7) | |
| One | 1 (1.3) | 13 (4.9) | 14 (4.1) | |
| Two or more | 2 (2.6) | 9 (3.4) | 11 (3.2) | |
| CVD risks - self-reported | ||||
| Hypertension | 0.004 | |||
| No | 53 (68.8) | 133 (50.4) | 186 (54.5) | |
| Yes | 24 (31.2) | 131 (49.6) | 155 (45.5) | |
| CVD risks - screened (Ma ± SD) | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.3 ± 6.5 | 33.0 ± 6.8 | < 0.001 | 31.5 ± 7.3 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 139.3 ± 23.0 | 143.7 ± 22.6 | 0.126 | 142.7 ± 22.7 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 81.5 ± 12.5 | 85.3 ± 12.5 | 0.047 | 84.6 ± 12.5 |
| Accelerometer physical activity† (Ma ± SD)c | ||||
| Moderate (counts/minutes) | 300.0 ± 111.8 | 314.3 ± 118.5 | 0.540 | 311.4 ± 116.9 |
| Vigorous (counts/minutes) | 3.9 ± 3.1 | 3.4 ± 3.5 | 0.509 | 3.5 ± 3.4 |
| Total MVPA (counts/minutes) | 303.9 ± 114.9 | 317.7 ± 122.0 | 314.9 ± 120.3 | |
| Objectively measured built environment (N (%)) md | ||||
| Community center | 0.835 | |||
| 500 | 49 (63.6) | 159 (60.2) | 208 (61.0) | |
| 1000 | 12 (15.6) | 48 (18.2) | 60 (17.6) | |
| 1600 | 16 (20.8) | 57 (21.6) | 73 (21.4) | |
| Shopping center | 0.124 | |||
| 500 | 28 (36.4) | 118 (44.7) | 146 (42.8) | |
| 1000 | 37 (48.1) | 93 (35.2) | 130 (38.1) | |
| 1600 | 12 (15.6) | 53 (20.1) | 65 (19.1) | |
| Taxi Station | 0.693 | |||
| 500 | 39 (50.6) | 147 (55.7) | 169 (49.6) | |
| 1000 | 9 (11.7) | 31 (11.7) | 105 (30.8) | |
| 1600 | 29 (37.7) | 86 (32.6) | 67 (19.6) | |
Ma mean, ZARb South African Rand, SD standard deviation, CVD cardiovascular disease; csubsample of 104, md meter
All bold entries are significant (p <0.05)