Table 3.
Cyberbullying in relation to sociodemographic and other factors in Greece, Spain, Romania and Poland separately: crude odds ratio (OR) and adjusted OR from multiple logistic regression analyses, with 95% confidence intervals
| Greece | Spain | Romania | Poland | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR 95% CI |
Adjusted OR | P | OR 95% CI |
Adjusted OR | P | OR 95% CI |
Adjusted OR | P | OR 95% CI |
Adjusted OR | P | |
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Females | 1b | 1b | 1b | 1b | 1b | 1b | 1b | 1b | ||||
| Males | 0.80 (0.64–0.99) |
0.79a (0.62-1.03) |
0.08 | 0.65 (0.46–0.90) |
0.79 (0.57–1.11) |
0.18 | 0.85 (0.67–1.06) |
1.06 (0.73–1.53) |
0.77 | 0.79 (0.63–0.98) |
1.09 (0.79–1.49) |
0.61 |
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||
| 14–15.9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 16–17.9 | 1.08 (0.86–1.35) |
1.08 (0.84–1.4) |
0.55 | 1.20 (0.91–1.58) |
1.26 (0.91–1.74) |
0.16 | 0.74 (0.57–0.96) |
0.52 (0.35–0.75) |
0.001 | 1.11 (0.87–1.43) |
1.05 (0.75–1.46) |
0.78 |
| Parental educational level | ||||||||||||
| Low/Middle | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| High | 0.81 (0.67–0.99) |
0.94 (0.74–1.2) |
0.64 | 0.94 (0.68–1.31) |
1.15 (0.83–1.6) |
0.39 | 1.00 (0.79–1.26) |
1.14 (0.80–1.62) |
0.47 | 1.20 (0.93–1.55) |
1.10 (0.82–1.49) |
0.52 |
| Parental family status | ||||||||||||
| Married/ living together | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Other | 1.62 (1.27–2.07) |
1.36 (0.98–1.87) |
0.063 | 1.48 (1.06–2.08) |
1.33 (0.9–1.97) |
0.16 | 1.25 (0.97–1.59) |
1.06 (0.67–1.70) |
0.80 | 1.13 (0.86–1.49) |
1.00 (0.68–1.47) |
0.99 |
| Age at first Internet use | 0.97 (0.92–1.01) |
0.99 (0.93–1.05) |
0.77 | 0.99 (0.92–1.06) |
0.99 (0.92–1.07) |
0.79 | 0.96 (0.92–1.00) |
1.07 (0.99–1.17) |
0.08 | 0.97 (0.91–1.02) |
1.04 (0.96–1.12) |
0.39 |
| Daily use of SNS | ||||||||||||
| No use/< 2 h | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| ≥ 2 h | 2.33 (1.87–2.89) |
1.34 (0.94–1.91) |
0.10 | 1.81 (1.35–2.43) |
0.96 (0.60–1.52) |
0.86 | 2.16 (1.71–2.73) |
1.83 (1.21–2.76) |
0.004 | 1.67 (1.32–2.12) |
1.53 (1.05–2.24) |
0.028 |
| Daily Internet use | ||||||||||||
| No use/< 2 h | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| ≥ 2 h | 1.94 (1.55–2.43) |
1.34 (0.95–1.90) |
0.10 | 1.79 (1.36–2.34) |
1.34 (0.85–2.10) |
0.21 | 1.84 (1.45–2.33) |
1.57 (1.02–2.42) |
0.041 | 1.31 (1.06–1.62) |
0.98 (0.69–1.41) |
0.93 |
| Parents allow me to visit every site | ||||||||||||
| Never/ seldom | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Sometimes | 0.97 (0.67–1.41) |
1.16 (0.75–1.77) |
0.51 | 0.66 (0.38–1.16) |
0.89 (0.45–1.76) |
0.75 | 1.49 (0.88–2.51) |
1.28 (0.73–2.22) |
0.39 | 0.89 (0.50–1.58) |
0.85 (0.37–1.96) |
0.71 |
| Often/ very often/ parents don’t know | 1.11 (0.84–1.45) |
1.08 (0.74–1.56) |
0.70 | 0.95 (0.61–1.50) |
1.05 (0.62–1.76) |
0.87 | 1.68 (1.07–2.63) |
1.29 (0.75–2.21) |
0.36 | 1.50 (0.94–2.38) |
1.27 (0.69–2.33) |
0.44 |
| Parents limit time on Internet | ||||||||||||
| Never/ seldom | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Sometimes | 1.14 (0.97–1.51) |
1.17 (0.87–1.58) |
0.31 | 0.98 (0.67–1.43) |
1.13 (0.75–1.70) |
0.56 | 1.14 (0.90–1.45) |
1.11 (0.74–1.64) |
0.62 | 1.24 (0.94–1.66) |
1.49 (1.06–2.10) |
0.022 |
| Often/ very often | 1.15 (0.90–1.47) |
1.2 (0.91–1.59) |
0.19 | 1.10 (0.80–1.51) |
1.18 (0.81–1.73) |
0.39 | 1.49 (1.13–1.96) |
1.32 (0.81–2.16) |
0.27 | 1.49 (1.09–2.02) |
1.63 (1.08–2.47) |
0.021 |
| Internalizing Problems | 1.06 (1.05–1.07) |
1.04 (1.02–1.05) |
< 0.001 | 1.08 (1.06–1.10) |
1.06 (1.04–1.08) |
< 0.001 |
1.07 (1.05–1.09) |
1.05 (1.02–1.08) |
0.004 | 1.05 (1.04–1.07) |
1.03 (1.01–1.05) |
0.005 |
| Externalizing Problems | 1.06 (1.04–1.07) |
1.04 (1.02–1.05) |
< 0.001 | 1.06 (1.04–1.09) |
1.04 (1.02–1.06) |
< 0.001 |
1.06 (1.04–1.07) |
1.02 (1.00–1.05) |
0.06 | 1.07 (1.05–1.08) |
1.05 (1.02–1.07) |
< 0.001 |
aOdds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) adjusted for all other variables listed
bindicates reference category