Table 4.
Cyberbullying in relation to sociodemographic and other factors in Germany, the Netherlands and Iceland separately: crude odds ratio (OR) and adjusted OR from multiple logistic regression analyses, with 95% confidence intervals
| Germany | Netherlands | Iceland | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR 95% CI |
Adjusted OR | P | OR 95% CI |
Adjusted OR | P | OR 95% CI |
Adjusted OR | P | |
| Gender | |||||||||
| Females | 1b | 1b | 1b | 1b | 1b | 1b | |||
| Males | 0.96 (0.76–1.21) |
1.03a (0.80–1.33) |
0.82 | 0.53 (0.39–0.73) |
0.50 (0.30–0.83) |
0.008 | 0.63 (0.51–0.79) |
0.75 (0.5–1.12) |
0.16 |
| Age (years) | |||||||||
| 14–15.9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 16–17.9 | 1.00 (0.82–1.22) |
1.04 (0.81–1.34) |
0.74 | 0.91 (0.68–1.21) |
0.85 (0.54–1.33) |
0.47 | 1.12 (0.79–1.59) |
0.99 (0.58–1.66) |
0.96 |
| Parental educational level | |||||||||
| Low/middle | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| High | 0.97 (0.78–1.21) |
0.95 (0.72–1.25) |
0.70 | 0.93 (0.58–1.48) |
1.21 (0.69–2.13) |
0.51 | 0.96 (0.63–1.46) |
1.59 (1.00–2.51) |
0.048 |
| Parental family status | |||||||||
| Married/ living together | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Other | 1.32 (1.06–1.65) |
1.26 (0.96–1.66) |
0.10 | 1.43 (0.95–2.18) |
1 (0.61–1.64) |
0.99 | 1.54 (1.09–2.16) |
1.25 (0.86–1.83) |
0.25 |
| Age at first Internet use | 1.00 (0.96–1.05) |
0.97 (0.91–1.03) |
0.32 | 0.97 (0.89–1.05) |
0.93 (0.83–1.05) |
0.25 | 0.97 (0.91–1.04) |
0.98 (0.90–1.07) |
0.61 |
| Daily use of SNS | |||||||||
| None/< 2 h | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| ≥ 2 h | 1.70 (1.38–2.08) |
1.66 (1.18–2.34) |
0.004 | 1.63 (1.19–2.24) |
1.15 (0.68–1.95) |
0.61 | 2.38 (1.77–3.21) |
1.37 (0.89–2.13) |
0.16 |
| Daily Internet use | |||||||||
| None/< 2 h | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| ≥ 2 h | 1.46 (1.16–1.83) |
0.91 (0.64–1.29) |
0.60 | 1.62 (1.14–2.30) |
1.23 (0.71–2.12) |
0.46 | 2.18 (1.56–3.06) |
1.46 (0.91–2.34) |
0.11 |
| Parents allow me to visit every site | |||||||||
| Never/ seldom | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Sometimes | 0.60 (0.38–0.95) |
0.52 (0.26–1.04) |
0.06 | 1.22 (0.46–3.25) |
0.79 (0.20–3.10) |
0.73 | 1.18 (0.68–2.04) |
1.25 (0.61–2.56) |
0.55 |
| Often/ yery often/parents don’t know | 0.72 (0.49–1.06) |
0.61 (0.36–1.04) |
0.07 | 1.15 (0.59–2.24) |
1.05 (0.38–2.84) |
0.93 | 1.09 (0.74–1.61) |
0.76 (0.42–1.37) |
0.36 |
| Parents limit time on Internet | |||||||||
| Never/ seldom | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Sometimes | 1.03 (0.78–1.37) |
1.21 (0.88–1.66) |
0.24 | 1.06 (0.70–1.59) |
0.80 (0.42–1.5) |
0.48 | 1.06 (0.72–1.57) |
1.28 (0.86–1.92) |
0.23 |
| Often/ Very often | 1.39 (1.06–1.82) |
1.37 (0.96–1.96) |
0.08 | 1.88 (1.14–3.09) |
1.66 (0.86–3.21) |
0.13 | 1.15 (0.77–1.70) |
1.13 (0.69–1.85) |
0.64 |
| Internalizing Problems | -c | -c | 1.07 (1.05–1.10) |
1.04 (1.01–1.07) |
0.004 | 1.08 (1.07–1.10) |
1.05 (1.02–1.07) |
< 0.001 | |
| Externalizing Problems | -c | -c | 1.05 (1.03–1.07) |
1.03 (1–1.06) |
0.028 | 1.10 (1.08–1.12) |
1.07 (1.05–1.10) |
< 0.001 | |
aOdds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) adjusted for all other variables listed
bindicates reference category
cThe YSR was not administered in Germany