Table 3.
Multiple regression analysis of baroreflex sensitivity
| Independent variables | Univariate | Multivariate | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| r | p | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
| β | p | β | P | β | p | |||
| (a) | ||||||||
| HbA1c CV (%) | − 0.354 | 0.007 | − 0.341 | 0.020 | − 0.359 | 0.014 | − 0.339 | 0.014 |
| Two-year mean HbA1c (%) | − 0.384 | 0.003 | − 0.073 | 0.641 | − 0.052 | 0.741 | − 0.006 | 0.969 |
| CGM CV (mg/dL) | − 0.325 | 0.014 | − 0.288 | 0.035 | − 0.308 | 0.025 | − 0.229 | 0.072 |
| Age (years) | − 0.358 | 0.006 | − 0.323 | 0.008 | − 0.330 | 0.006 | − 0.302 | 0.008 |
| Sex (male/female) | – | 0.550 | − 0.129 | 0.283 | − 0.161 | 0.180 | − 0.149 | 0.182 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.006 | 0.965 | − 0.221 | 0.120 | − 0.205 | 0.127 | − 0.159 | 0.212 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 0.154 | 0.252 | 0.067 | 0.585 | – | – | – | – |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.074 | 0.586 | – | – | 0.122 | 0.297 | – | – |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | − 0.446 | 0.001 | – | – | – | – | − 0.300 | 0.011 |
| (b) | ||||||||
| HbA1c SD (%) | − 0.384 | 0.003 | − 0.373 | 0.021 | − 0.395 | 0.014 | − 0.371 | 0.014 |
| Two-year mean HbA1c (%) | − 0.384 | 0.003 | − 0.020 | 0.906 | 0.006 | 0.971 | 0.048 | 0.769 |
| CGM CV (mg/dL) | − 0.325 | 0.014 | − 0.288 | 0.035 | − 0.309 | 0.025 | − 0.230 | 0.071 |
| Age (years) | − 0.358 | 0.006 | − 0.322 | 0.008 | − 0.328 | 0.006 | − 0.301 | 0.008 |
| Sex (male/female) | – | 0.550 | − 0.130 | 0.278 | − 0.163 | 0.176 | − 0.150 | 0.179 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.006 | 0.965 | − 0.228 | 0.111 | − 0.215 | 0.113 | − 0.167 | 0.192 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 0.154 | 0.252 | 0.064 | 0.606 | – | – | – | – |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.074 | 0.586 | – | – | 0.123 | 0.290 | – | – |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | − 0.446 | 0.001 | – | – | – | – | − 0.299 | 0.011 |
| (c) | ||||||||
| Adjusted HbA1c SD (%) | − 0.391 | 0.003 | − 0.376 | 0.020 | − 0.397 | 0.014 | − 0.376 | 0.013 |
| Two-year mean HbA1c (%) | − 0.384 | 0.003 | − 0.017 | 0.919 | 0.007 | 0.967 | 0.051 | 0.752 |
| CGM CV (mg/dL) | − 0.325 | 0.014 | − 0.290 | 0.034 | − 0.309 | 0.025 | − 0.231 | 0.070 |
| Age (years) | − 0.358 | 0.006 | − 0.318 | 0.009 | − 0.325 | 0.007 | − 0.297 | 0.009 |
| Sex (male/female) | – | 0.550 | − 0.131 | 0.273 | − 0.163 | 0.173 | − 0.152 | 0.174 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.006 | 0.965 | − 0.227 | 0.111 | − 0.213 | 0.115 | − 0.166 | 0.193 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 0.154 | 0.252 | 0.065 | 0.596 | – | – | – | – |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.074 | 0.586 | – | – | 0.122 | 0.297 | – | – |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | − 0.446 | 0.001 | – | – | – | – | − 0.301 | 0.010 |
Dependent variable was baroreflex sensitivity, and the independent variables were Model 1, Model 2, and Model 3. Model 1: age, sex, BMI, CGM CV, mean HbA1c, visit-to-visit HbA1c variability, and SBP; Model 2: age, sex, BMI, CGM CV, mean HbA1c, visit-to-visit HbA1c variability, and LDL-cholesterol; Model 3: age, sex, BMI, CGM CV, mean HbA1c, visit-to-visit HbA1c variability, and heart rate; Visit-to-visit HbA1c variability was (a) HbA1c CV (b) HbA1c SD, and (c) adjusted HbA1c SD; Model 1 (a) R-squared 0.398, adjusted R-squared 0.312, (b) R-squared 0.398, adjusted R-squared 0.312, (c) R-squared 0.399, adjusted R-squared 0.313; Model 2 (a) R-squared 0.408, adjusted R-squared 0.324, (b) R-squared 0.409, adjusted R-squared 0.324, (c) R-squared 0.409, adjusted R-squared 0.325; Model 3 (a) R-squared 0.471, adjusted R-squared 0.395, (b) R-squared 0.471, adjusted R-squared 0.395, (c) R-squared 0.472, adjusted R-squared 0.397
CV coefficient of variation, SD standard deviation, CGM continuous glucose monitoring, BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, LDL low-density lipoprotein