Table 5.
Comparison of baroreflex sensitivity according to subgroups
| Subgroup | No (%) | HbA1c CV (%) | p value | HbA1c SD (%) | p value | Adjusted HbA1c SD (%) | p value | BRS (msec/mmHg) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | 0.140 | 0.186 | 0.181 | 0.550 | |||||
| Male | 39 (68) | 0.053 (0.032–0.082) | 0.37 (0.23–0.66) | 0.36 (0.23–0.64) | 7.7 ± 2.7 | ||||
| Female | 18 (32) | 0.040 (0.021–0.070) | 0.29 (0.13–0.59) | 0.27 (0.13–0.57) | 7.3 ± 2.8 | ||||
| Hypertension | 0.088 | 0.107 | 0.095 | 0.011 | |||||
| Yes | 42 (74) | 0.055 (0.032–0.090) | 0.40 (0.24–0.67) | 0.39 (0.23–0.64) | 7.0 ± 2.5* | ||||
| No | 15 (26) | 0.032 (0.026–0.059) | 0.21 (0.17–0.62) | 0.20 (0.16–0.59) | 9.1 ± 2.9 | ||||
| Dyslipidemia | 0.585 | 0.694 | 0.713 | 0.903 | |||||
| Yes | 51 (89) | 0.049 (0.029–0.089) | 0.33 (0.18–0.66) | 0.31 (0.18–0.64) | 7.6 ± 2.6 | ||||
| No | 6 (11) | 0.051 (0.024–0.060) | 0.33 (0.15–0.51) | 0.32 (0.14–0.49) | 7.7 ± 3.7 | ||||
| Insulin use | 0.422 | 0.233 | 0.223 | 0.655 | |||||
| Yes | 6 (11) | 0.061 (0.042–0.091) | 0.54 (0.32–0.83) | 0.52 (0.31–0.80) | 7.1 ± 3.8 | ||||
| No | 51 (89) | 0.048 (0.028–0.082) | 0.32 (0.18–0.63) | 0.31 (0.17–0.59) | 7.6 ± 2.6 | ||||
| Sulfonylurea use | 0.043 | 0.018 | 0.015 | 0.028 | |||||
| Yes | 17 (30) | 0.065 (0.035–0.103)* | 0.60 (0.26–0.88)* | 0.59 (0.25–0.85)* | 6.4 ± 2.1* | ||||
| No | 40 (70) | 0.047 (0.025–0.065) | 0.32 (0.16–0.47) | 0.30 (0.16–0.46) | 8.1 ± 2.8 | ||||
| Statin use | 0.108 | 0.132 | 0.124 | 0.035 | |||||
| Yes | 20 (35) | 0.062 (0.041–0.105) | 0.45 (0.27–0.80) | 0.44 (0.26–0.76) | 6.6 ± 2.6* | ||||
| No | 37 (65) | 0.047 (0.027–0.065) | 0.32 (0.17–0.51) | 0.30 (0.16–0.49) | 8.1 ± 2.6 | ||||
| RAAS inhibitor use | 0.635 | 0.600 | 0.544 | 0.526 | |||||
| Yes | 22 (39) | 0.049 (0.032–0.069) | 0.35 (0.24–0.52) | 0.34 (0.23–0.50) | 7.3 ± 2.6 | ||||
| No | 35 (61) | 0.049 (0.027–0.089) | 0.32 (0.17–0.63) | 0.30 (0.17–0.60) | 7.8 ± 2.8 | ||||
| CCB use | 0.272 | 0.349 | 0.324 | 0.241 | |||||
| Yes | 24 (42) | 0.062 (0.030–0.087) | 0.44 (0.24–0.65) | 0.43 (0.23–0.63) | 7.1 ± 2.4 | ||||
| No | 33 (58) | 0.045 (0.028–0.080) | 0.31 (0.18–0.63) | 0.30 (0.17–0.59) | 7.9 ± 2.9 | ||||
| Beta-blocker use | 0.902 | 1.000 | 0.989 | 0.462 | |||||
| Yes | 5 (9) | 0.048 (0.027–0.085) | 0.33 (0.20–0.71) | 0.32 (0.19–0.69) | 8.4 ± 3.7 | ||||
| No | 52 (91) | 0.050 (0.028–0.081) | 0.33 (0.18–0.63) | 0.31 (0.17–0.60) | 7.5 ± 2.6 |
Values are mean ± SD, median (25th–75th percentiles) or no. (%)
BRS baroreflex sensitivity, CV coefficient of variation, SD standard deviation, RAAS renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, CCB calcium-channel blocker
* p value corresponds to the Student’s t test or the non-parametric Mann–Whitney U-test