Table 1.
Summary of miRNAs that regulate autophagy in IBD.
| MicroRNA | Samples | Diseases | Target | Effects on autophagy | Potential mechanism | Years and references | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CD | UC | ||||||
| miR-142-3p※ | HCT116 | + | − | ATG16L1, NOD2 | Inhibit | Decreases ATG16L1 mRNA and protein levels; modulates NOD2-dependent autophagy; inhibits IL8 mRNA expression. | 2014 [30] 2018 [40] |
| miR-320 | HT-29 | + | + | NOD2, NF-κB | Inhibit | Downregulates NOD2 expression. | 2016 [31] |
| miR-192※ | HCT116 | + | − | NOD2, NF-κB | Inhibit | Downregulates NOD2 expression; suppresses NF-κB activity. | 2014 [33] |
| miR-122 | HT-29 | + | − | NOD2, NF-κB | Inhibit | Suppresses NOD2; increases NF-κB activity. | 2017 [35] 2013 [36] |
| miR-93; miR-106B | Human colon tissues, HCT116 | + | − | ATG16L1 PTEN |
Inhibit | Targets ATG16L1 messenger RNA; reduces levels of ATG16L1; prevents autophagy-dependent eradication of intracellular bacteria; suppresses PTEN by enhancing activity of the PI3K/Akt pathway. | 2014 [41] 2017 [98] |
| miR-30C; miR-130a | Human intestinal epithelial T84 cells/mice enterocytes | + | − | ATG5, ATG16L1 mTOR |
Inhibit | Reduced levels of ATG5 and ATG16L1; miR-130a increases levels of p-mTOR; impairs LC3-II accumulation. | 2014 [44] 2017 [43] |
| miR-346 | Human intestinal epithelial cells | + | + | Vitamin D receptor (VDR) GSK3B |
Upregulate | Downregulates VDR, leading to upregulation of ATG16L1; activates autophagy by interrupting the association between BCL2 and BECN1 in a GSK3B-dependent manner. | 2014 [46] 2018 [68] |
| miR-20a | Human colonic mucosal tissues | + | − | BECN1, ATG16L1, SQSTM1 |
Inhibit | Downregulates BECN1, ATG16L1, and SQSTM1. | 2017 [47, 48] |
| MiR-196※ | Human epithelial cells | + | − | LC3-II, IRGM | Inhibit | Inhibits accumulation of LC3-II. | 2011 [53] |
| miR-665 | Human/mice colonic mucosal tissues. | + | + | XBP1, ORMDL3 | Induce | Represses XBP1 and ORMDL3 expression. | 2017 [65] |
| miR-150 | Intestinal tissue serum | − | + | c-Myb | Unclear | Inhibits c-Myb, leading to decreased αSMA; exhibits antifibrotic effects. | 2016 [69] |
| miR-146b | Mice colonic tissues. | − | + | siah2 FOXO3 |
Inhibit | Decreases expression of siah2; activates the NF-κB pathway. Decreases siah2 and FOXO3 expression. |
2013 [76] 2016 [99] |
| miR-221-5p | Human colonic epithelial cells | + | + | Substance P | Inhibit | SP regulates miR-221-5p expression through the MAPK and NF-κB pathways; miR-221-5p negatively regulates expression of proinflammatory cytokines in colonic epithelial cells in response to SP. | 2014 [79] |
| miR-132; miR-223 | Human/mice colonic tissues | + | + | FOXO3a, JNK | Inhibit | Suppresses the level of IκBα through downregulation of FOXO3a, leading to enhanced NF-κB signaling; JNK signaling induces miR-223. |
2016 [80] 2015 [81] |
| miR-155※ | Mice colonic tissues | − | + | SHIP-1, FOXO3a PI3K-Akt pathway |
Inhibit | Increases Akt activation by decreasing SHIP-1 expression, leading to upregulation of mTOR; downregulates FOXO3a, leading to enhanced NF-κB signaling; activates the PI3K-Akt pathway. | 2017 [87] 2015 [75] 2012 [89] |
| miR-21※※ | Mice colonic tissues. | − | + | Akt, m-TOR, JNK, PTEN | Inhibit/induce | Unclear/decreases phosphorylated AKT and deactivates the mTOR NK-1/c-Jun pathway; promotes miR-21 upregulation. miR-21 inhibition enhances PTEN protein levels and inhibits AKT phosphorylation. Inhibits autophagy via the PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathway. |
2013 [90, 96] 2015 [95] 2014 [82] 2018 [97] |