Table 2.

Alternative products with reported antifungal activities against Candida species showing promise for antifungal drug development.

Specific source	Biological active molecules/substances	Activity/putative mechanisms of action
New triazoles	Ravuconazole	Inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis
	Albaconazole	Inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis
	Isavuconazole	Inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis
Peptides	Lysozyme	Reduces SAP activity and secretion
	Lactoferrin	Production of cationic antimicrobial peptide lactoferricin
	Defensins	Increases membrane permeability
	Histatin	Inhibition of adhesion
	Cathelicidins	Increases membrane permeability
Plants (essential oils; terpenoids; saponins; phenolic compounds; alkaloids; peptides; proteins)	Curcumin	Inhibiting initial cell adhesion, biofilm growth, and gene expression
	Eugenia dysenterica (catechin derivatives and flavonoids)	Inhibits planktonic growth
	Terminalia catappa (hydrolysable tannins (punicalin, punicalagin), gallic acid, and flavonoid C-glycosides)	Inhibits planktonic growth
	Carya illinoensis (gallic acid, ellagic acid, flavonoids – rutin – and tannins – catechins and epicatechins)	Inhibits the production of germ tubes
	Quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol (flavanols)	Inhibits planktonic growth
	Syzygium cordatum (gallotannin)	Inhibits planktonic growth
	Scutellaria baicalensis (baicalein)	Induces apoptosis in Candida albicans
	Ocotea odorifera (ellagitannins)	Potent activity against Candida parapsilosis
	Cymbopogon nardus essential oil	Inhibits hyphal growth in C. albicans
	Artemisia judaica essential oil	Inhibits the formation of germination tube and biofilms in C. albicans
	Thymol (terpene)	Binds to ergosterol in the membrane resulting in cell death
	Carvacrol (terpene)	Alters cellular cytoplasmic membrane and induces apoptosis
	Lannea welwitschii (alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, sapogenetic glycosides, tannins)	Wound healing
	Lonicera japonica (chlorogenic acid)	Antiwound infection, repair, and contraction

SAP, secreted aspartic protease.