Table 1.
Characteristics of the 22 included studies.
| Study (years) | Species (Sex, n = experimental /control group) | Weight | Model (method) | Anesthetic | Treatment group (method to astragalosides) | Control group | Outcome index (time) | Intergroup differences |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhang et al., 2005 | Mongrel dogs (male, 6/6) | 12–15 kg | The LAD was ligated for 180 min | Pentobarbital sodium (30 mg/kg) | IntravenousAS-IV (1.5 mg/kg) 30 min before the ligation | Intravenous isasteric no-function solvent | 1. Myocardial infarct size; 2. CPK; 3.CBF; | 1. P < 0.05; 2. P < 0.05; 3. P < 0.05; |
| Zhao et al., 2009 | Wistar rats (10/10) | 215–240 g | Ligation of the LAD | Not mention | Intravenous injection AS-IV (1.0 mg/kg) once a day for 14 days after coronary ligation for 3 weeks | Intravenous equal volumes of normal saline | 1. Myocardial cell apoptosis rate; 2. FS; 3. +dp/dt; 4. -dp/dt; 5. LVIDd; 6. LVIDs; 7. LVSP; 8. LVEDP; 9. Wall stress; 10. Tibial length; 11. Body weight; 12. Bax; | 1. P < 0. 001; 2. P < 0.01; 3. P < 0.001; 4. P < 0.05; 5. P < 0.001; 6. P > 0.05; 7. P < 0.01; 8. P < 0.05; 9. P > 0.05; 10. P > 0.05; 11. P < 0.001; 12. P < 0.001; |
| Li et al., 2010 | Beagle dogs (male and female, 5/5) | 8–12 kg | Ligation of LAD | 3% pentobarbital sodium (30 mg/kg) | Intravenous AS-IV (1 mg/kg) after AMI model established for 15 min | Intravenous isasteric placebo after AMI model established for 15 min | 1. ΔST-E; 2. CBF; 3. BP; 4. LVEDP; 5. CI; | 1. P < 0.01; 2. P < 0.05; 3. P > 0.05; 4. P > 0.05; 5. P > 0.05; |
| Carol et al., 2010 | Wistar rats (male, 6/6) | 200–250 g | Ligation of LAD for 30 min then reperfusion | Urethane (1 g/kg) | Intravenous AS-IV (5 mg/kg) | Intravenous isasteric normal saline (2 mg/kg) | 1. LDH; 2. SOD; 3. MDA; 4. NO; 5. PKCε; | 1. P < 0.05; 2. P < 0.05; 3. P < 0.05; 4. P < 0.01 5. P < 0.05; |
| Wang et al., 2012 | Wistar rats (male, 10/9) | 250–300 g | Ligation of the LAD | Chloral hydrate (300 mg/kg) | Treated with AS-IV (40 mg/kg) | Treated with equal volumes of distilled water | 1. LVEF; 2. FS; 3. LVEDV; 4. LVESV; 5. LVDd; 6. LVDs; 7. LVPWd; 8. LVPWs; 9. SERCA activity; 10. SERCA mRNA; 11. PLB mRNA; 12. PLB; 13. P-PLB; 14. P-PLB/PLB; SERCA; | 1. P < 0.01; 2. P < 0.05; 3. P < 0.01; 4. P < 0.05; 5. P < 0.01; 6. P < 0.01; 7. P < 0.01 8. P < 0.01; 9. P < 0.05; 10. P < 0.05; 11. P < 0.05; 12. P > 0.05; 13. P > 0.05; 14. P > 0.05; |
| Tu et al., 2013 | SD rats (male, 6/6) | 240–260 g | Ligation of LAD for 30 min then reperfusion for 90 min | 2% pentobarbital sodium (60 mg/kg) | Gavaged with AS-IV (10 mg/kg) in saline 90 min before ischemia | Gavaged with isasteric normal at 1 mL/kg | 1. AAR/LV; 2. Infarct area/aar; 3. AAR/LV; 4. MBF; 5. HR; 6. LVSP; 7. +dp/dtmax; 8. LVEDP; 9. LVDP; 10. -dp/dtmax; 11. cTnI; 12. ATP/ADP(I); 13. ATP/AMP(I); 14. ATP/ADP(I/R); 15. ATP/AMP(I/R); 16. ATP-5D(I); 17. ATP 5D mRNA(I); 18. P-MLC2(I); 19. ATP-5D(I/R); 20. ATP 5D mRNA(I/R); 21. P-MLC2(I/R); 22. Bax/Bcl-2(I/R); | 1. P > 0.05; 2. P < 0.05; 3. P > 0.05; 4. P > 0.05; 5. P < 0.05; 6. P < 0.05; 7. P < 0.05; 8. P < 0.05; 9. P < 0.05; 10. P < 0.05; 11. P < 0.05; 12. P < 0.05; 13. P < 0.05; 14. P < 0.05; 15. P < 0.05; 16. P < 0.05; 17. P < 0.05; 18. P < 0.05; 19. P < 0.05; 20. P < 0.05; 21. P < 0.05; 22. P < 0.05; |
| Cui et al., 2013 | SD rats (male, 16/15) | 200–250 g | Ligation of LAD | 3% pentobarbital sodium (30 mg/kg) | Gavaged with AS-IV (10 mg/kg) after model established 1 day, once a day, for 40 days | Gavaged with isasteric normal saline after model established 1 day, once a day, for 40 days | 1. LVEDP; 2. LVSP; 3. +dp/dtmax;; 4. –dp /dtmax; 5. AngII; 6. ALD; 7. ANP; | 1. P < 0.01; 2. P < 0.01; 3. P < 0.01; 4. P < 0.01; 5. P < 0.01; 6. P < 0.01; 7. P < 0.01; |
| Gong and Sun, 2013 | SD rats (male and female, 10/9) | 250–320 g | Ligation of the LAD for 30 min then reperfusion for 40 min | 10% chloral hydrate (0.3 ml/100 g) | Treated with AS-IV (100 mg/kg) twice a day, for 7 days | Treated with saline in the same way, twice a day, 7 days | 1. Intracecelluar the concentration of free Ca2+; | 1. P < 0.01; |
| Qu et al., 2014 | SD rats (male, 4/4) | 250–350 g | Ligation of LAD for 30 min then reperfusion | Pentobarbital sodium | Tail intravenous AS - IV (4 mg/kg) after I/R model established,3 times a week for 2 weeks | Tail intravenous isasteric normal saline after I/R model established,3 times a week for 2 weeks | 1. LDH; 2. CK; 3. AST; | 1. P < 0.05; 2. P < 0.05; 3. P < 0.05; |
| He et al., 2014 | Wistar rats (male 10/10) | 250–350 g | The LAD was ligated for 30 min, then reperfusion for 120 min | Phenobarbital (100 mg/kg) | Intravenous AS-IV (10 mg/kg) | Intravenous isasteric normal | 1. Myocardial infarct size; 2. LVDP; | 1. P < 0.05; 2. P < 0.05; |
| Liu and Yi, 2014 | SD rats (male, 8/8) | 220–240 g | The LAD was ligated for 90 min, then reperfusion for 60 min | pentobarbital sodium (25 mg/kg) | Intravenous AS-IV (50 uM/kg) | Intravenous isasteric normal | 1. Myocardial infarct size; 2. LVDP; 3. Myocardial cell apoptosis rate; 4. Caspase-3; 5. Bcl-2; 6. LDH activity; | 1. P < 0.05; 2. P < 0.05; 3. P < 0.05; 4. P < 0.05; 5. P < 0.05; 6. P < 0.05; |
| Zhang et al., 2014 | SD rats (male, 15/15) | 250–350 g | Ligation of LAD for 30 min then reperfusion for 120 min | Pentobarbital sodium (100 mg/kg) | Intravenous AS-IV (10 mg/kg) 1 ml 5 min earlier before reperfusion | Intravenous isasteric and non-functional liquid 5 min earlier before reperfusion | 1. Myocardial iInfarct size(I/R); 2. LVEF; 3. P-Akt/Akt; 4. P-mTOR/mTOR; 5. LVSP; 6. LVEDP; 7. FS; | 1. P < 0.05; 2. P < 0.05; 3. P < 0.05; 4. P < 0.05; 5. P < 0.05; 6. P < 0.05; 7. P < 0.05; |
| Huang et al., 2015 | SD rats (male, 4/4) | 250–350 g | Ligation of LAD | Not mention | Tail intravenous AS - IV (4 mg/kg) after I/R model established, 3 times a week for 2 weeks | Tail intravenous isasteric and non-functional liquid after I/R model established, 3 times a week for 2 weeks | 1. Size of inflammatory cell infiltration; 2. Beclin protein; | 1. P < 0.05; 2. P < 0.05; |
| Ma and Wang, 2015 | SD rats (male, 31/30) | 240-360 g | Ligation of LAD for 10 min then reperfusion for 60 min | 10% chloral hydrate (5 mg/kg) | Gavaged with AS-IV (10 mg/kg) for 2 weeks before model established | Gavaged with saline (2 ml/kg/d) for 2 weeks before model established | 1. Myocardial cell apoptosis rate; 2. Bax; 3. Bcl-2; 4. caspase-3; | 1. P < 0.05; 2. P < 0.05; 3. P < 0.05; 4. P < 0.05; |
| Sun et al., 2015 | SD rats (gender is not mentioned, 10/10) | 240–260 g | Ligation of LAD | Not mention | Gavaged with AS-IV (10 mg/kg) after model was established 1 day, once a day for 2 weeks | Gavaged with isasteric normal saline after model established 1 day, once a day for 2 weeks | 1. Myocardial cell apoptosis rate; 2. Intracecelluar the concentration of free Ca2+; 3. GRP78; 4. Caspase-1; | 1. P < 0.05; 2. P < 0.05; 3. P < 0.05; 4. P < 0.05; |
| Yu et al., 2015 | Wistar rats (male, 8/8) | 250–300 g | Ligation of LAD | 1% pentobarbital sodium (40 mg/kg) | 24 h after the surgery,via intraperitoneal injection for 4 weeks (10 mg/kg/d) | Normal saline of equal volume was administered via i.p. Injection for 4 weeks | 1. Myocardial infarct size; 2. VEGF; 3. BFGF; 4. MVD; | 1. P < 0.05; 2. P < 0.05; 3. P < 0.05; 4. P < 0.05; |
| Lu et al., 2015 | SD rats (male, 10/10) | 280–300 g | The LAD was ligated for 30 min, then reperfusion for 120 min | 20% urethane (0.3 ml/100 g, intraperitoneal) | Gavaged with AS-IV (80 mg/kg) suspended in 0.5% sodium carboxymethylcellulose daily for 7 days | Gavaged with 0.5% sodium carboxymethylcellulose for 7 days | 1. Myocardial infarct size; 2. Myocardial cell apoptosis rate; 3. TNF-α; 4. Caspase-3; 5. Bcl-2; 6. Bax; TLR4 7. mRNA; 8. TLR4; 9. NF-κB; 10. IL-1β; | 1. P < 0.01; 2. P < 0.01; 3. P < 0.01; 4. P < 0.01; 5. P < 0.01; 6. P < 0.01; 7. P < 0.01; 8. P < 0.01; 9. P < 0.01; 10. P < 0.01; |
| Li et al., 2016 | Rats (24/24) | 22–28 g | Ligation of LAD | Pentobarbital sodium(20 g/L) | Intravenous AS-IV (2 mg/kg/d) for 21 days | Intravenous isasteric and non-functional liquid for 21 days | 1. Myocardial infarct size; 2. FS; 3. LVEF; 4. MVD; 5. VEGF; 6. HIF-1α; | 1. P < 0.05; 2. P < 0.05; 3. P < 0.05; 4. P < 0.01; 5. P < 0.01; 6. P < 0.01; 7. P < 0.01; |
| Li et al., 2016 | C57/BL6 rats (male, 12/12) | 23–25 g | Ligation of LAD | 1% pentobarbital sodium (70 mg/kg) | Intravenous AS-IV (10 mg/kg) for 2 weeks after coronary ligation | Intravenous isasteric normal saline for 2 weeks after coronary ligation | 1. LVEF; 2. FS; 3. LVID 4. LVW/BW; 5. MVD; | 1. P < 0.05; 2. P < 0.05; 3. P < 0.05; 4. P < 0.05; 5. P < 0.05; |
| Cheng et al., 2016 | SD rats (male, 15/15) | 230–270 g | Ligation of LAD | pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/kg) | Intravenous AS-IV (50 mg/kg/d) for 14 days before model established | Intravenous isasteric normal saline for 14 days before model established | 1. Myocardial infarct size; 2. LVEF; 3. FS; 4. Bcl-2; 5. Bax; 6. TLR4; 7. NF-κB; | 1. P < 0.05; 2. P < 0.05; 3. P < 0.05; 4. P < 0.05; 5. P < 0.05; 6. P < 0.05; 7. P < 0.05; |
| Yu J. et al., 2017 | Wistar rats (male, 15/15) | 220–280 g | Ligation of LAD | 1% pentobarbital sodium (40 mg/kg) | Intravenous AS-IV (10 mg/kg/d) for 28 days before model established | Intravenous isasteric normal saline for 28 days before model established | 1. Gross cardiac morphology; 2. HIF-1α; 3. Notch1; 4. Jagged1; | 1. P < 0.05; 2. P < 0.05; 3. P < 0.05; 4. P < 0.05; |
| Wang et al., 2018 | SD rats (male, 8/8) | 220–250 g | The LAD was ligated for 30 min, then reperfusion for 120 min | 20% Urethane | Intravenous AS-IV (80 mg/kg) | Intravenous nothing | 1. Myocardial infarct size; 2. cTnI; 3. Bcl-2; 4. Bax; 5. CaSR; | 1. P < 0.05; 2. P < 0.05; 3. P < 0.05; 4. P < 0.05; 5. P < 0.05; |
AI, apoptotic index; NS, normal saline; AS, astragaloside; AS-IV, astragaloside-IV; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; AAR, area at risk; LAD, the left anterior descending coronary artery; SD, Sprague-Dawley; SOD, superoxide dismutase, MDA, malondialdehyde; CK, creatine kinase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; cTnT, cardiac troponin T; cTnI, cardiac troponin I; MVD, microvessel density; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; CBF, coronary blood flow; CI, cardiac index; BP, blood pressure; HR, heart rate; RPP, rate-pressure product; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth fartor; FS, shortening fraction; ALD, aldosterone; ANP, atrial natriuretic peptide; Ang, Angiotensinogen; LVIDd, left ventricular internal diameter in diastole; LVIDs, left ventricular internal diameter in systole; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVSP, left ventricular systolic pressure; LVEDP, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure; LVID, left ventricular internal dimension; LVESV, left ventricular end-systolic volume; LVEDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVDd, left ventricular end-diastolic dimensions; LVDs, left ventricular endsystolic dimensions; LVPW, left Ventricular Posterior Wall; LVPWd, left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end-diastolic; LVPWs, left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end-systolic; MAP, mean arterial pressure; LVM, left ventricular mass; AST, aspartate amino transferase; BFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; CPK, creatine phosphokinase; MBF, myocardial blood flow; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α; CaSR, calcium-sensing receptor; NF-κB, nuclear factor κB.