Table 2. Intrapartum and maternal factors independently associated with anxiety and depression ( n = 978) compared with unaffected reference pregnancies ( n = 14,514) .
| Variable | Anxiety, untreated ( n = 351) |
Anxiety, treated ( n = 101) |
Depression, untreated ( n = 182) |
Depression, treated ( n = 123) |
Comorbid depression and anxiety, untreated ( n = 129) |
Comorbid depression and anxiety, treated ( n = 92) |
Unaffected ( n = 14,514) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Induction of labor | 96 (27.4) 2.02 (1.56–2.61) a |
18 (17.8) | 32 (17.6) | 18 (14.6) | 25 (19.4) | 19 (20.7) | 2,229 (15.4) |
| Fever > 38°C | 16 (4.6) | 3 (3) | 10 (5.5) | 4 (3.3) | 11 (8.7) 2.03 (1.07–3.86) b |
4 (4.4) | 618 (4.3) |
| Magnesium exposure | 25 (7.2) | 7 (6.9) | 21 (11.5) 1.82 (1.04–3.20) b |
6 (4.9) | 8 (6.3) | 8 (8.8) | 719 (5) |
| Cesarean delivery | 167 (47.6) 1.69 (1.31–2.18) a |
42 (41.6) | 70 (38.5) | 41 (33.3) 0.59 (0.36–0.96) b |
64 (49.6) 1.59 (1.04–2.42) b |
35 (38) | 5,862 (40.4) |
| Severe laceration | 6 (1.7) | 3 (2.9) | 3 (1.7) | 3 (2.4) | 2 (1.5) | 4 (4.5) 2.93 (1.02–8.38) b |
284 (2) |
| Postpartum hemorrhage | 10 (2.9) | 1 (1) | 5 (2.8) | 7 (5.7) | 8 (6.2) 2.57 (1.23–5.35) b |
9 (9.8) 3.85 (1.90–7.82) c |
398 (2.7) |
| Blood transfusion | 3 (0.9) | 1 (0.9) | 2 (1.1) | 5 (4.1) 4.81 (1.86–12.4) c |
3 (2.3) | 2 (2.2) | 128 (0.9) |
| Readmission within 6 wk of delivery | 6 (1.7) | 4 (4) | 7 (3.9) 2.40 (1.10–5.21) b |
1 (0.8) | 4 (3.1) | 2 (2.2) | 229 (1.6) |
| Length of stay > 5 d | 31 (8.8) 1.85 (1.21–2.84) b |
5 (5) | 17 (9.3) | 7 (5.7) | 10 (7.8) 1.96 (1.07–3.61) b |
8 (8.7) | 598 (4.1) |
Note: Data are presented as n (%) and adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval). Adjusted for maternal age, body mass index, gestational age, race/ethnicity, parity, marital status, smoking status, and history of drug use. There were no significant associations for abnormal fetal heart rate ICD-9 (International Classification of Diseases) code, systolic or diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, exposure to intravenous antibiotics, exposure to intravenous antihypertensive medications, insulin therapy, preterm birth <37 weeks' gestation, operative vaginal delivery, chorioamnionitis, placental abruption, preterm rupture of membranes, and shoulder dystocia.
a
p < 0.0001.
b
p < 0.05.
c
p < 0.01.