Table 3.
Prevalence of major haplotypes of known drug resistance genes in parasites from different years.
| Gene | H | Haplotypea | 2007 (n = 21) | 2008 (n = 41) | 2009 (n = 22) | 2010 (n = 10) | 2012 (n = 13) | Total (n = 107) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Pfcrt |
1 |
CIETS |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
|
Pfmdr1 |
5 |
NYN | 66.7 | 56.1 | 54.5 | 90.0 | 92.3 | 65.4 |
| NFN |
23.8 |
43.9 |
31.8 |
10.0 |
7.7 |
29.9 |
||
|
Pfdhfr |
4 |
IRNI | 19.0 | 12.2 | 22.7 | 20.0 | 23.1 | 17.8 |
| NRNL | 28.6 | 31.7 | 36.4 | 30.0 | 7.7 | 29.0 | ||
|
IRNL |
42.9 |
53.7 |
40.9 |
50.0 |
53.8 |
48.6 |
||
|
Pfdhps |
12 |
SGEA | 9.5 | 7.3 | – | 20.0 | – | 6.5 |
| AGEA | 47.6 | 31.7 | 45.5 | 40.0 | 23.1 | 37.4 | ||
| SGEG | 19 | 31.7 | 22.7 | 30.0 | 38.5 | 28.0 | ||
|
AGEG |
– |
9.8 |
9.1 |
– |
– |
5.6 |
||
|
Pfmrp1 |
22 |
HNSHITF | 28.6 | 17.1 | 22.7 | 50.0 | 15.4 | 23.4 |
| YNAHVTF | 33.3 | 24.4 | 18.2 | – | – | 19.6 | ||
| YSAHITF | – | 9.8 | 4.5 | – | 7.7 | 5.6 | ||
| YNAHVTI | 4.8 | 12.2 | 9.1 | – | 7.7 | 8.4 | ||
| YNAHVMF | 4.8 | 9.8 | 27.3 | 10.0 | – | 11.2 | ||
|
YNANVMF |
4.8 |
9.8 |
– |
10.0 |
30.8 |
9.3 |
||
| Pfnhe1 | 11 | MS-1 (2) | 14.3 | 9.8 | 9.1 | 10.0 | 7.7 | 10.3 |
| MS-5 (4) | – | 4.9 | 9.1 | 20.0 | – | 5.6 | ||
| MS-6 (1) | 19.0 | 14.6 | 18.2 | – | – | 13.1 | ||
| MS-7 (3) | 52.4 | 58.5 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 84.6 | 58.9 |
H, number of haplotypes. Only haplotypes with prevalence ≥5% were included.
Significant differences in the annual prevalence of haplotypes are highlighted in bold (χ2 test): Pfmdr1 NYN between 2008 and 2010 (P = 0.0468), 2008 and 2012 (P = 0.0172) and between 2009 and 2012 (P = 0.0201); pfmdr1 NFN between 2008 and 2010 (P = 0.0468) and 2008 and 2012 (P = 0.0172); pfmrp1 HNSHITF between 2008 and 2010 (P = 0.0277), and pfnhe1 MS-7 between 2008 and 2012 (P = 0.0067) and between 2009 and 2012 (P = 0.0406).
Haplotypes were based on amino acids at the positions pfcrt (72, 74, 75, 76, 220); pfmdr1(86, 184,1042); pfdhfr(51, 59, 108, 164), pfdhps(436, 437, 540, 581); andpfmrp1(191, 325, 437, 785, 876, 1007, 1390). Mutant residues are in bold. For the pfnhe1 haplotypes, the number in parenthesis indicates the copy number of DNNND repeats.