Fig. 3.

Concentrations of biomarkers of inflammation and cellular determined before and during antiretroviral therapy, including comparisons between participants with monotypic low-level viremia compared with those with diverse low-level viremia.

Concentrations of biomarkers of inflammation (a, hsCRP, IL-6, sTNFR-2, and VCAM-1) and cellular activation (b, sCD14, sCD25, and sCD163) were measured in the plasma prior to starting ART and during ART at visits with and without LLV and grouped by phylogenetic pattern. After initiating ART, biomarkers of inflammation and cellular activation significantly decreased (P < 0.001) across phylogenetic patterns, except for hsCRP and sCD14, which did not decrease in either pattern. During ART, concentrations of hsCRP and sCD163 were elevated in participants with the monotypic LLV pattern compared with participants with diverse LLV pattern. In contrast, elevated sCD14 concentrations were observed in participants with the diverse LLV pattern. (Note: a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons results in significance defined as P ≤ 0.007.) ART, antiretroviral therapy; LLV, low-level viremia.