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. 2018 Jul 10;8:10381. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28740-z

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Relationship between HRV indices in different frequency ranges and brain’s regional oscillatory activity. BOLD signals measure brain oscillatory activity by studying changes in spectral power within various frequency bands during resting-state and stimulus-evoked activity. Resting-state fMRI studies showed BOLD fluctuations indicative of functional integration between brain regions occurring over multiple frequency bands, from slow-5 (0.01–0.027 Hz) to slow-1 (0.50–0.75 Hz). Dynamic functional connectivity patterns are tightly linked to adaptive behavior²⁵. Resting-state networks consist of frequency-specific subcomponents, shifts in power of brain oscillations during a task occur in specific frequency bands in brain-specific regions. Frequencies in the 0.10–0.20 Hz range play a significant role for functional connectivity⁶¹. Oscillation in the 0.07–0.19 Hz range mediate the interaction within and between the DMN, SN and ECN nodes⁶³. Slow-3 frequency band (0.073–0.198 Hz) reflects intrinsic oscillations in the insula^61,63,65,66. HRV varies in concert with changes in brain functional connectivity; the heart and brain are connected bi-directionally. HRV may serve as a proxy for ‘vertical integration’ of the brain system²¹ in which DMN plays an important role in adaption to microgravity. HRV activity is associated with structures and functions of brain’s DMN, SN and ECN neural networks³⁴.