Table 1.

Distribution of virulence associated and environmental resistance genes in C. jejuni tested.

Virulence trait	Gene	Percentage of positive isolates
		Chicken feces	Poultry carcasses	Poultry meat	Human feces	Combined
		(n = 160)	(n = 157)	(n = 152)	(n = 155)	(n = 624)
Motility	flaA*	98.1	98.7	98.7	100	98.9
	flhA*	99.4	98.1	99.3	99.4	99.0
Adhesion and colonization	cadF*	99.4	98.7	100	100	99.5
	docA*	100	98.1	96.7	100	98.7
	racR	100	95.5	96.0	100	97.9
	virB11	0.6	2.5	0	4.5	1.9
Cytotoxin production	cdtA	94.4	96.2	96.0	100	96.6
	cdtB	94.4	98.1	94.1	100	96.6
	cdtC	96.2	96.8	97.4	100	97.6
	wlaN*	13.7	17.2	12.5	17.4	15.2
Invasiveness	ciaB*	99.4	96.8	97.4	100	98.4
	iam	26.2	8.9	31.6	15.5	20.5
Stress response	sodB*	98.1	100	99.3	100	99.4

^*No statistically significant differences between presence of virulence marker genes among different sources of the isolates have been identified. The following differences were identified for the presence of: cdtA from poultry carcasses and human feces (P < 0.05), from chicken and human feces (P < 0.01); cdtB from poultry and human feces (P < 0.01), from poultry meat and human feces (P < 0.01); cdtC from chicken and human feces (P < 0.05); virB11 from poultry meat and human feces (P < 0.05); racR from poultry feces and carcasses (P < 0.05), poultry carcasses and human feces (P < 0.05), poultry feces and meat (P < 0.05), poultry meat and human feces (P < 0.05); iam from poultry feces and carcasses (P < 0.001), poultry feces and meat (P < 0.0001), poultry and human feces (P < 0.05), poultry meat and human feces (P < 0.01).