Table 1.
Visual and binocular vision tests used in assessing students identified with reading difficulties.
| Visual function | Tests administered |
|---|---|
| Distance (6 m) visual acuity (VA) | Kay pictures or Snellen chart |
| Near (0.4 m) visual acuity | Kay pictures or Lighthouse Continuous Text Card for Children |
| Distance and Near Strabismus | Unilateral cover test or Hirschberg |
| Distance and Near Phoria | Alternating cover test |
| Saccades | Direct observation, alternating fixation between 2 targets |
| Ocular Motility | Broad-H test |
| Stereoacuity | Randot® stereoacuity test |
| Near Fusion | Worth four dot |
| Accommodative of Amplitude (AoA) | Push-down amplitude |
| Near Point of Convergence (NPC) | Push-up technique with accommodative target |
| Monocular and Binocular Accommodative Facility (MF, BF) | ±2.00 D flippers with Accommodative Rock Card |
| Accommodative Response (Dynamic Retinoscopy) | Monocular estimation method (MEM) |
| Refractive Error | Static retinoscopy with lens bars |
| Distance and near Positive (PFV) and Negative Fusional Vergence (NFV) | Prisms bars |