Table 3.
Change in cognitive performance
| Cognitive ability | Wave 1 | Wave 2 unadjusted | Wave 2 adjusted | tunadjusted | Punadjusted | tadjusted | Padjusted |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Visual-spatial | −0.010 (0.81) | −0.107 (0.80) | −0.425 (0.80) | 5.932 | <.001 | 24.876 | <.001 |
| Short-term/working memory | 0.011 (0.64) | −0.114 (0.62) | −0.339 (0.62) | 9.511 | <.001 | 26.404 | <.001 |
| Episodic memory | 0.022 (0.69) | 0.008 (0.72) | −0.214 (0.72) | 0.918 | .359 | 14.348 | <.001 |
| Abstract reasoning∗ | 0.021 (1.0) | −0.027 (1.01) | −0.186 (1.01) | 1.782 | .075 | 7.322 | <.001 |
| Verbal fluency | 0.005 (0.87) | −0.060 (0.87) | −0.145 (0.87) | 3.363 | .001 | 7.747 | <.001 |
| Processing speed | 0.003 (0.73) | −0.151 (0.77) | −0.347 (0.77) | 9.749 | <.001 | 21.836 | <.001 |
| Executive | 0.011 (0.635) | −0.129 (0.66) | −0.214 (0.66) | 6.117 | <.001 | 9.911 | <.001 |
NOTE. Wave 2 is presented both unadjusted and adjusted for practice effects. Results from paired t-tests between waves 1 and 2 are presented. Means and standard deviations (SDs) of cognitive abilities at each wave for returnees only. Significant values are in bold.
∗
Indicates cognitive ability score based on a single measure; and other scores are composites of multiple test measures.