Fig. 4.

The AhR non-genomic pathways. In recent years, numerous observations indicate that additional AhR pathways can be activated by the AhR. For instance, TCDD rapidly increases intracellular calcium concentrations or the activity of the Src tyrosine kinase and Focal Adhesion Kinase with functional consequences for other pathways (MAPK) or cellular functional properties (adhesion and migration). One outcome of such activations could be inflammation through the subsequent production of arachidonic acid and then prostaglandins. Finally, the AhR is able to interact with several other transcriptional regulators such as β-catenin, NF-kB or the estrogen receptor alpha.