Table 3.

Studies investigating predictors of measure completion.

Article	Measure	Setting	Data source	Sample size	Primary outcome	Results	Specific to OUD?
Harris & Bowe, 2008	HEDIS Initiation and Engagement	VHA	Administrative data	N = 270,877 patients	Rates of initiation and engagement	Overall initiation and engagement rates of 29.6% and 30.1%. Patients who were female, not married, younger, and had their SUDs identified in a SUD or psychiatric specialty settings had higher rates. Engagement rates higher when treatment initiation was in outpatient settings.	No
Harris, Bowe, Finney, & Humphreys, 2009	HEDIS Initiation and Engagement	VHA	Administrative data	N = 320,238 patients	Rates of initiation and engagement	Patients diagnosed with SUD in specialty settings more likely to progress to Initiation and Engagement but a significant amount of AOD care occurs outside of specialty settings in a given system, i.e. 25% of initiation and over 40% of engagement	No
Brown, Bennett, Li, & Bellack, 2011	HEDIS initiation and engagement	Randomized sample of treatment-seeking patients with comorbid SMI and SUD	Multisite RCT data	N = 175 patients	Rates of initiation and engagement	Among patients with serious mental illness, males (AOR 0.46) and those with schizophrenia (AOR 0.44) had lower initiation rates. Those with current (v. recent) drug dependence (AOR 0.30) or a recent arrest (AOR 0.37) were less likely to engage	No
Lee, Garnick, O’Brien, et al., 2012	HEDIS initiation and engagement	Outpatient multisite pilot study across 12 states; adolescents	Secondary data, 28 outpatient clinics	N = 2191 patients	Rates of initiation and engagement among adolescents	76% of the sample Initiated, with 59% Engaged. Mixed race and highly truant adolescents had lower initiation rates. Latino youth were less likely to engage.	No
Acevedo, Garnick, Dunigan, et al., 2015	HEDIS initiation and engagement	Public sector AOD treatment centers in 4 states	Administrative linked with criminal justice data	N = 108,654 patients	Rates of engagement with emphasis on racial disparities	Racial minorities often had lower initiation and engagement rates but there was great variation and mixed findings across the four states	No
Bensley, Harris, Gupta, et al., 2017	HEDIS initiation and engagement	Patients with alcohol use disorder in the VHA	Administrative data	N = 90,879 patients	Rates of initiation and engagement	Engagement results varied with measure specification but were more likely for black patients (AOR 1.1) relative to white patients	No
Watkins, Ober, Lamp, et al., 2017	HEDIS initiation and engagement	Collaborative Care intervention model in a FQHC	RCT data including EHR and pharmacy logs	N = 377 patients	Rates of initiation and engagement	Higher rates among collaborative care participants versus TAU: Initiation 31.6% vs 13.7% (AOR 3.54); Engagement, 15.5% vs 4.2% (AOR 5.89)	No

VHA = Veterans Health Administration; AOD = Alcohol or other drug; SMI = serious mental illness; RCT = randomized controlled trial; TAU = Treatment as usual; AOR = Adjusted odds ratio; Federally Qualified Health Center; EHR = Electronic Health Records.