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. 2018 May 31;7:e34226. doi: 10.7554/eLife.34226

Figure 4. Evolution of the TLR signaling pathway.

Components of the canonical TLR pathway (a) and a potential choanoflagellate Kinase TLR signaling pathway (b), with their canonical domain architectures and colored by their inferred ancestral origin (blue = choanozoan ancestry, purple = metazoan ancestry, green = choanoflagellate ancestry, and red = holozoan ancestry). Question marks denote steps of the signaling pathway and/or interaction partners that are hypothesized, but untested. (c) Presence of receptors, adapters, kinases and the transcription factor NF-κB in animals, choanoflagellates and C. owczarzaki.

Figure 4.

Figure 4—figure supplement 1. Alignment of gene family 6840, which contains animal SARM1 proteins.

Figure 4—figure supplement 1.

Only a portion of the alignment, surrounding the glutamic acid residue that is necessary but not sufficient for SARM1 function (position 642, magenta box), is depicted. The Homo sapiens SARM1 protein, which was not part of our data set of gene families, but which we included in the alignment, is shown at the top. Choanoflagellate sequences are surrounded by a green box. Positions at the top are given with respect to the human SARM1 protein. Each species is listed with its identifier followed by the length of the protein that was used to build the full alignment.
Figure 4—figure supplement 2. Phylogenetic tree of proteins in our data set containing any of the following pairs of Pfam protein domains: LRR and kinase, kinase and TIR, or LRR and TIR.

Figure 4—figure supplement 2.

The tree is unrooted. Branches with bootstrap support values below 50% were removed. Branch lengths are not shown, for ease of interpretation. Protein domain architecture is not given in order. The ‘Other’ group is all species that are neither animals, choanoflagellates or plants. The tree is largely unresolved, but plant and choanozoan proteins encoding a transmembrane, LRR and TIR domain (dark blue) are never found together in the same resolved clade, supporting their distinct evolutionary histories. ‘Kinase TLRs’ (LRR, transmembrane, Pkinase, TIR; dark red) and ‘Kinase TIRs’ (no transmembrane, Pkinase, TIR; light red) are only found in choanoflagellates.