Table 2. Demographic and clinical characteristics among children with MDR-TB.
| Characteristic | All children n = 975 (%) |
Bacteriologically confirmed MDR or Pre-XDR-TB n = 731 (%) |
Clinically diagnosed MDR-TB n = 244 (%) |
p-valued |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||||
| <5 | 399 (41) | 240 (33) | 159 (65) | <0.001 |
| 5 to <10 | 234 (24) | 178 (24) | 56 (23) | |
| 10 to <15 | 342 (35) | 313 (43) | 29 (12) | |
| Median age | 7.1, IQR 2.6–11.7 | 8.5, IQR 3.4–12.2 | 3.6, IQR 1.9–7.0 | |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 543 (56) | 414 (57) | 129 (53) | 0.570 |
| Male | 429 (44) | 315 (43) | 114 (47) | |
| Unknown | 3 (0.3) | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.4) | |
| HIV status | ||||
| Infected with HIV | 359 (37) | 323 (44) | 36 (15) | <0.001 |
| Not infected with HIV | 551 (57) | 356 (49) | 195 (80) | |
| Unknown | 65 (7) | 52 (7) | 13 (5) | |
| Malnourisheda | ||||
| Yes | 332 (34) | 276 (38) | 56 (23) | <0.001 |
| No | 556 (57) | 381 (52) | 175 (72) | |
| Unknown | 87 (9) | 74 (10) | 13 (5) | |
| Severe disease on chest radiograph | ||||
| Yes | 474 (49) | 407 (56) | 67 (28) | <0.001 |
| No | 294 (30) | 168 (23) | 126 (52) | |
| Unknown | 207 (21) | 156 (21) | 51 (21) | |
| Severe extrapulmonary diseaseb | 127 (13) | 103 (14) | 24 (10) | 0.031 |
| Site of disease | ||||
| Pulmonary only | 710 (73) | 526 (72) | 184 (75) | 0.002 |
| Extrapulmonary only | 99 (10) | 67 (9) | 32 (13) | |
| Both extrapulmonary and pulmonary | 152 (16) | 130 (18) | 22 (9) | |
| Unknown | 14 (1) | 8 (1) | 6 (3) | |
| Extrapulmonary disease sitesc | ||||
| Meningitis | 34 (14) | 23 (12) | 11 (20) | |
| Miliary | 34 (12) | 29 (15) | 5 (9) | |
| Bone/joint (including spine) | 25 (10) | 20 (10) | 5 (9) | |
| Pleural | 19 (8) | 15 (8) | 4 (7) | |
| Urogenital | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.5) | 0 | |
| Abdominal | 53 (21) | 48 (24) | 5 (9) | |
| Skin | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.5) | 0 | |
| Disseminated disease not otherwise specified | 11 (4) | 10 (5) | 1 (2) |
aMalnourished was defined as being underweight or malnourished by clinical diagnosis, having nutritional edema, or having low weight for age (weight-for-age-adjusted z-score of less than −3).
bSevere extrapulmonary disease was defined as meningitis, miliary, abdominal, osteoarticlar, and disseminated disease not otherwise specified.
cDisease sites are not mutually exclusive; one child could have multiple disease sites. Denominator is children with only extrapulmonary and with both pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease sites.
dp-value represents differences in characteristics between clinically diagnosed and bacteriologically confirmed cohorts.
Abbreviations: MDR-TB, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, pre-XDR-TB, pre-extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis; XDR-TB, extensively drug resistant tuberculosis.