Fig 5.

Mortality in 48-h acute toxicity test, FI after 48-h exposure and mortality to instar 3 for S. frequens larvae exposed to (a) imidacloprid, (b) fipronil and (c) fipronil sulfone. Each treatment was run in quadruplicate and each replicate containing six larvae. To confirm that delayed toxicity after 48-h exposure consequently causes mortality to instar 3 via feeding inhibition, we compared mortality at 48 h to that at instar 3. Asterisks indicate a significant difference; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.