Table 2. Predictors of OUD.

OUD - opioid use disorder, SSRI - selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, ACE - angiotensin-converting enzyme.

Major Risk Factor	Examples (if applicable)	Number of Articles Cited	Citation Numbers
History of substance abuse	“any history of substance abuse disorder,” “History of illicit substance abuse,” or “History of illegal drug use or prescription drug abuse.”	4	[20] [21] [22] [23]
Any physical maladies	“headache,” “neck pain,” “central pain syndromes” “arthritis,” “back pain,” “diabetes,” and  “pulmonary disease”	4	[10] [17] [22] [23]
Mental health history	“axis 1 and 2 disorders” including “anxiety” and “depression”	3	[10] [22] [23]
Sedative/Hypnotic use	“benzodiazepines”	3	[18] [20] [22]
Depression	“depression” including “symptoms of…”	3	[10] [20] [21]
Younger age*	“young age” “18-30 years”	2	[22] [23]
Older age*	“65+ years”, “50+ years”	2	[20] [22]
Alcohol abuse history	“alcohol abuse”	2	[20] [21]
Anti-depressant use	“Anti-depressant” “SSRI”	2	[18] [20]
Male gender	“male”	2	[20] [23]
Single	“unmarried”	1	[23]
Race	“white, non-Hispanic”	1	[23]
Comorbidity of mental health and physical condition	Ex. Depression and back pain	1	[23]
High intensity opioid therapy	“Higher opioid dose,” “Increased length of opioid use,” “use of Schedule II opioids”	1	[22]
Preoperative opioid use		1	[21]
High self-assessed risk of addiction		1	[21]
Tobacco use		1	[21]
Family history of substance abuse		1	[21]
Low socioeconomic status	“Lower fifth of neighborhood income”	1	[18]
Use of ACE-inhibitors		1	[18]
*The authors suggest the removal of any age as a risk factor for OUDs as no consensus has been reached and virtually all the sources cited in this review disagreed. Furthermore, this review should not be used to predict at-risk age groups as some of the articles used age as an inclusion/exclusion criteria.