Figure 2. Craniofacial angles and ratios.

Craniofacial measurements are derived using digitized facial surface landmarks. The craniofacial measurements used in this analysis are graphically illustrated. Angular measurements are shown in red boxes: (A) maxillary depth angle, (B) mandibular depth angle, (C) mandibular plane angle. Facial ratios are shown in blue boxes: (D) face height/width ratio, (E) mandibular width/length ratio, (F) face height/depth ratio, (G) face width/nose width ratio, (H) face width/eye width ratio, (I) cranial base area/mandibular area ratio, (J) maxillary volume/mandibular volume ratio. Surface landmarks: al = alare, en = endocanthion, ex = exocanthion, gn = gnation, go = gonion, me = menton, n = nasion, sl = sublabiale, sn = subnasion, t = tragion. TH = true horizontal line.