. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Apr 1.

Published in final edited form as: Microcirculation. 2019 Apr;26(3):e12440. doi: 10.1111/micc.12440

Table 3.

Potential biomarkers of microvascular involvement in SLE

Clinical manifestations	Candidate biomarkers
Digital and cutaneous vasculitis	Anti-endothelial cell antibodies
Pulmonary hypertension	Antiphospholipid antibodies
Lupus nephritis	Complement C4d (kidney biopsy, peripheral blood) IL-6 (serum) Anti-Interleukin 1 antibodies (serum) Anti-C1q antibodies (serum) Anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) (serum) Anti-nucleosome antibodies (serum) Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) (Urine) Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) (urine) Neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) (urine) Tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) (urine) Transferrin (urine) Ceruloplasmin (urine)