Table 1. Postoperative safety profile of intracameral cefuroxime.

structure	study	Dose of IC cefuroxime	(−) no toxicity, (+) toxicity		Additional details

			Eyes (−)	Eyes (+)
Cornea	Çakır et al³³	1 mg/0.1 mL	7^*	10^*	Cohort. Toxic anterior segment syndrome after cataract surgery.
	Lam et al ²⁸	1 mg/0.1 mL	34^*	0^*	Cohort. No significant effect on ECD (P=0.74) compared with normal saline.
	Montan et al⁵	1 mg/0.1 mL	45^*	0^*	Cohort. No significant ECL with ICC (P>0.05).
	Ozlem et al⁵³	1 mg/0.1 mL	8^†	2^†	Animal study. ICC versus ICV versus BSS. No corneal thickening at 3 and 6 hours. The levels of oxidative stress products were higher in the ICC group (P<0.001).
	Pérez-Canales et al⁵⁴	1 mg/0.1 mL	30^*	0^*	Case series. ICC versus ICV groups. CCT thickening resolved by 1-month follow-up. ECD reduced in both groups at 1 week after phacoemulsification. No significant reduction in the percentage of hexagonal cells at 1 or 3 months postoperatively compared with preoperatively.
	Sakarya and Sakarya ³⁰	3 mg/0.1 mL	6^*	0^*	Case series. Accidental dilution error. No significant change in ocular findings was noted at 6 months, including macular oedema, VA loss or IOP elevation.
	Olavi²⁹	5 mg/0.1 mL	1^*	15^*	Case series. Accidental dilution error. Fifteen eyes were noted to have CE.
	Delyfer et al³²	10 mg/0.1 mL	4^*	2^*	Case series. Accidental dilution error. Two eyes had CE.

AC	Çakır et al³³	1 mg/0.1 mL	0^*	17^*	Cohort. Toxic anterior segment syndrome after cataract surgery.
	Montan et al⁵	1 mg/0.1 mL	45^*	0^*	Cohort. No significant induced laser fare intensity (P>0.05).
	Pérez-Canales et al⁵⁴	1 mg/0.1 mL	30^*	0^*	Case series. ICC versus ICV groups. AC cell was higher on day 1 with ICV, but resolved by day 7.
	Gradin and Mundia³⁴	1 mg/0.1 mL	28^*	7^*	Cohort. No significant AC inflammation between control and ICC (P=0.857).
	Delyfer et al³²	10 mg/0.1 mL	0^*	6^*	Case series. Accidental dilution error. All six cases with significant AC inflammation.

IOP	Pérez-Canales et al⁵⁴	1 mg/0.1 mL	30^*	0^*	Case series. ICC versus ICV groups. No significant effect on IOP.
	Olavi²⁹	5 mg/0.1 mL	8^*	8^*	Case series. Accidental dilution error. Eight eyes had elevated IOP.
	Delyfer et al³²	10 mg/0.1 mL	4^*	2^*	Case series. Accidental dilution error. Two eyes had elevated IOP.

Retina	Gupta et al²⁷	1 mg/0.1 mL	34^*	0^*	RCT. No macular thickening (P=0.34) at 5 weeks postoperatively.
	Lam et al²⁸	1 mg/0.1 mL	34^*	0^*	Cohort. No difference in central macular thickness (P=0.32) postoperatively.
	Le Dû and Pierre-Kahn³¹	1 mg/0.1 mL	0^*	6^*	Case series. Macular oedema reported per OCT. Possible dilution error.
	Pérez-Canales et al⁵⁵	1 mg/0.1 mL	0^*	30^*	Case series. ICC versus ICV. Macular thickness increased from baseline (P=0.501 at 1 week and P=0.005 at 3 months). Macular thickness was comparable in both groups, suggesting postoperative inflammation rather than antibiotic choice.
	Giménez-de-la-Linde et al³⁵	1 mg/0.1 mL	221^*	0^*	Cohort. No evidence of cystoid macular oedema in 221 cases.
	Wong et al³⁶	9 mg/0.1 mL	7^*	6^*	Cohort. Macular oedema developed, however, by 1 week symptoms had resolved.
	Delyfer et al³²	10 mg/0.1 mL	0^*	6^*	Case series. Accidental dilution error. All developed macular oedema.

VA	Lam et al²⁸	1 mg/0.1 mL	34^*	0^*	Cohort. No significant effect on VA compared with those treated with normal saline.
	Pérez-Canales et al⁵⁵	1 mg/0.1 mL	30^*	0^*	Case series. No difference in VA between ICC and ICV at 1, 4 and 12 week(s) (P=>0.5).
	Olavi²⁹	5 mg/0.1 mL	8^*	8^*	Case series. Accidental dilution error; eight eyes had reduced VA.
	Wong et al³⁶	9 mg/0.1 mL	7^*	6^*	Cohort. Accidental dilution error. Six patients had visual acuity of 20/70 or worse.
	Delyfer et al³²	10 mg/0.1 mL⁸	5^*	1^*	Case series. Dilution error. One patient had a persistent halo with reduced VA.

The commercially available product Aprokam (cefuroxime) has a concentration of 1 mg/0.1 mL.

Human eyes.

^†

Rabbit eyes.

AC, anterior chamber; BSS, balanced salt solution; CCT, central corneal thickness; CE, corneal oedema; ECD, endothelial cell density; ECL, endothelial cell loss; IC, intracameral; ICC, intracameral cefuroxime; ICV, intracameral vancomycin; IOP, intraocular pressure; OCT, optical coherence tomography; RCT, randomised controlled trial; VA, visual acuity.