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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Mol Neurobiol. 2018 Jan 11;55(8):6601–6636. doi: 10.1007/s12035-017-0852-4

Fig. 4. Brain tissue-specific functional processes that occur after brain photobiomodulation therapy.

Fig. 4

On a cellular level, photobiomodulation can reduce apoptosis and excitoxicity, increase antioxidants, neurotrophins and stimulate neuroprogenitor cells. On a tissue level, photobiomodulation therapy can increase blood flow and angiogenesis, reduce inflammation and help neurons form new connections. BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; GDNF, glial-derived neurotrophic factor; NGF, nerve growth factor; SOD, superoxide dismutase.