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. 2018 Jul 11;8:10455. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28800-4

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The relationship between area-based leaf P concentration (P_a) and leaf N concentration (N_a). Data points represent individual leaf values (19, 37, and 47 individuals from pioneer, generalist, and climax species, respectively). Dashed lines represent the N:P ratios of 10 and 20. Points above the N:P = 20 indicate P limitation; points below the N:P = 10 line indicate N limitation; and points between the lines indicate co-limitation. Symbols: pioneer species (solid); generalist species (grey); climax species (open).