Table 2.
Clinical features of patients with various pathological types at the initial LM diagnosis.
| Clinical features | Lung adenocarcinoma& (n = 87) | Breast cancer (n = 26) | SCLC (n = 29) | Squamous cell carcinoma (n = 8)* | Large cell Lung cancer (n = 2) | Gastric adenocarcinoma (n = 7) | Double primary cancers# (n = 1) | Hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 1) | CNS Malignant melanoma (n = 1) | Head and neck Rhabdomyosarcoma (n = 1) | Total (n = 163) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical manifestations | 87 | 26 | 29 | 8 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 163 |
| Symptoms in brain | 82 | 24 | 16 | 8 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 143(88%) |
| Headache | 78 | 22 | 12 | 8 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 133(82%) |
| Vomiting | 34 | 12 | 8 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 67(41%) |
| Mental obtundation and slurred speech | 47 | 12 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 72(44%) |
| Mental disorder | 10 | 3 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 22(13%) |
| Encephalopathy | 6 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11(7%) |
| Neck discomforts/rigidity | 23 | 10 | 8 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 53(33%) |
| Seizure | 10 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 27(17%) |
| Symptoms in cranial nerves | 55 | 14 | 10 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 92(56%) |
| Diplopia | 32 | 12 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 60(37%) |
| Tinnitus and decrease of audition | 39 | 8 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 66(40%) |
| Blurred vision | 19 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 30(18%) |
| Facial numbness | 5 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 14(9%) |
| Bucking and dysphagia | 2 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 9(6%) |
| Symptoms in spinal nerves | 6 | 4 | 10 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 24(15%) |
| Dyskinesia and sensory changes | 6 | 4 | 8 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 22(13%) |
| Radiculalgia | 3 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12(7%) |
| Urination and defecation disorder | 3 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13(8%) |
| Neuroimaging examination | 81 | 25 | 29 | 8 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 156 |
| Diagnostic features | 32 | 11 | 15 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 67(43%) |
| Leptomeningeal enhancement in brain | 29 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 42(27%) |
| Leptomeningeal enhancement in vertebral canal | 3 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13(8%) |
| Implantation metastasis in vertebral canal | 3 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12(8%) |
| Subependymal enhancement | 4 | 1 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13(8%) |
| Implantation metastasis in ventricles | 4 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13(10%) |
| Suggestive features | 68 | 19 | 17 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 114(73%) |
| Dural enhancement | 7 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 13(8%) |
| Metastatic lesions approaching subarachnoid space | 49 | 15 | 8 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 78(50%) |
| Metastatic lesions approaching ventricles | 5 | 1 | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 18(12%) |
| Enhancement of cranial nerves | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4(3%) |
| Communicating hydrocephalus | 6 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10(6%) |
| Negative | 8 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16(10%) |
| CSF examination | 84 | 26 | 27 | 8 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 158 |
| Positive cytology | 80 | 26 | 19 | 3 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 141(89%) |
| Aberrant biochemical analysis | 72 | 25 | 26 | 3 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 139(88%) |
SCLC, small cell lung cancer; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; As the morphology of the cancer cells in CSF was in line with adenocarcinoma in three pulmonary adenosquamous carcinoma patients, and the clinical manifestations were consistent with the patients with pulmonary adenocarcinoma. These patients were categorized into the adenocarcinoma group.
&Including pulmonary adenocarcinoma (n = 84), pulmonary adenosquamous carcinoma (n = 3); #double primary cancers of breast cancer and lung cancer; *including squamous lung carcinoma (n = 7), laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (n = 1).