Table 4.
Detailed results of univariate analysis for variables of interest.
| Variables | Males (n = 214596) | P | Females (n = 214964) | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case (%) | Control (%) | Case (%) | Control (%) | |||
| Urbanization | 0.584 | 0.753 | ||||
| Rural area | 65 (68.4) | 152229 (71.0) | 65 (72.2) | 151941 (70.7) | ||
| Urban area | 30 (31.6) | 62272 (29.0) | 25 (27.8) | 62933 (29.3) | ||
| Age (year) | 0.153 | 0.001 | ||||
| 18–44 | 42 (44.2) | 117763 (54.9) | 31 (34.4) | 117894 (54.9) | ||
| 45–64 | 39 (41.1) | 68753 (32.1) | 42 (46.7) | 69026 (32.1) | ||
| 65–79 | 11 (11.6) | 24017 (11.2) | 16 (17.8) | 23721 (11.0) | ||
| > = 80 | 3 (3.2) | 3968 (1.8) | 1 (1.1) | 4233 (2.0) | ||
| Bean product | 0.481 | 0.607 | ||||
| Never | 0 | 1388 (0.6) | 1 (1.1) | 1256 (0.6) | ||
| Always | 13 (13.7) | 40130 (18.7) | 19 (21.1) | 40552 (18.9) | ||
| Often | 43 (45.3) | 99663 (46.5) | 35 (38.9) | 100770 (46.9) | ||
| Occasionally | 28 (29.5) | 50185 (23.4) | 25 (27.8) | 50150 (23.3) | ||
| Seldom | 11 (11.6) | 23135 (10.8) | 10 (11.1) | 22146 (10.3) | ||
| Ethnicity | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Han | 90 (94.7) | 200253 (93.4) | 86 (95.6) | 200621 (93.4) | ||
| Other | 5 (5.3) | 14248 (6.6) | 4(4.4) | 14253 (6.6) | ||
| BMI | 0.481 | 0.123 | ||||
| 18.5–23.9 | 64 (67.4) | 138093 (64.4) | 54 (60.0) | 144340 (67.2) | ||
| 24–27.9 | 21 (22.1) | 58184 (27.1) | 26 (28.9) | 44780 (20.8) | ||
| >=28 | 6 (6.3) | 8363 (3.9) | 6 (6.7) | 9367 (4.4) | ||
| <18.5 | 4 (4.2) | 9861 (4.6) | 4 (4.4) | 16387 (7.6) | ||
| Education | 0.985 | 0.923 | ||||
| Illiterate | 18 (18.9) | 34381 (16.0) | 17 (18.9) | 40393 (18.8) | ||
| Primary school | 35 (36.8) | 82327 (38.4) | 37 (41.1) | 80597 (37.5) | ||
| Junior high school | 30 (31.6) | 68337 (31.9) | 27 (30.0) | 66554 (31.0) | ||
| Senior high school or above | 12 (12.7) | 29456 (13.7) | 9 (10.0) | 27330 (12.7) | ||
| Occupation | 0.981 | <0.001 | ||||
| Unemployed | 6 (6.3) | 9597 (4.5) | 21 (23.3) | 22993 (10.7) | ||
| Office worker | 1 (1.1) | 6276 (2.9) | 1 (1.1) | 6188 (2.9) | ||
| Manual worker | 33 (34.7) | 82403 (38.4) | 14 (15.6) | 65762 (30.6) | ||
| Farmer | 23 (24.2) | 48460 (22.6) | 30 (33.3) | 57500 (26.8) | ||
| Retired | 6 (6.3) | 14777 (6.9) | 9 (10.0) | 15420 (7.2) | ||
| Students | 9 (9.5) | 17580 (8.2) | 5 (5.6) | 17253 (8.0) | ||
| Other | 17 (17.9) | 35508 (16.5) | 10 (11.0) | 29758 (13.8) | ||
| Meat and product | 0.777 | 0.267 | ||||
| Never | 0 | 29 (0.001) | 0 | 2523 (1.2) | ||
| Always | 44 (46.3) | 111523 (52.0) | 36 (40.0) | 104977 (48.9) | ||
| Often | 33 (34.7) | 65004 (30.3) | 33 (36.7) | 65151 (30.3) | ||
| Occasionally | 15 (15.8) | 29111 (13.6) | 14 (15.6) | 31609 (14.7) | ||
| Seldom | 3 (3.2) | 8834 (4.1) | 7 (7.8) | 10614 (4.9) | ||
| Dairy and product | 0.212 | 0.533 | ||||
| Never | 38 (40.0) | 92035 (42.9) | 30 (33.3) | 77457 (36.0) | ||
| Always | 22 (23.2) | 31533 (14.7) | 14 (15.6) | 38374 (17.9) | ||
| Often | 15 (15.8) | 34564 (16.1) | 24 (26.7) | 41654 (19.4) | ||
| Occasionally | 13 (13.7) | 35378 (16.5) | 15 (16.7) | 37593 (17.5) | ||
| Seldom | 7 (7.4) | 20991 (9.8) | 7 (7.8) | 19796 (9.2) | ||
| Cigarette smoking | 0.027 | 0.569 | ||||
| No | 41(43.2) | 116858 (54.5) | 2 (2.2) | 7080 (3.3) | ||
| Yes | 54 (56.8) | 97643 (45.5) | 88 (97.8) | 207794 (96.7) | ||
| Alcohol consumption | 0.003 | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 30 (31.6) | 100778 (47.0) | 65 (72.2) | 188566 (87.8) | ||
| Yes | 65(68.4) | 113723 (53.0) | 25 (27.8) | 26308 (12.2) | ||
| Living alone | 0.004 | 0.032 | ||||
| No | 2 (2.1) | 756 (0.4) | 88 (97.8) | 214208 (99.7) | ||
| Yes | 93 (97.9) | 213745 (99.6) | 2 (2.2) | 666 (0.3) | ||
| Carbonate beverages | 0.683 | 0.690 | ||||
| Never | 58 (61.1) | 129665 (60.4) | 57 (63.3) | 124338 (57.9) | ||
| Always | 0 | 2578 (1.2) | 1 (1.1) | 2188 (1.0) | ||
| Often | 15(15.8) | 28821 (13.4) | 11 (12.2) | 29660 (13.8) | ||
| Occasionally | 13 (13.7) | 26871 (12.5) | 13 (14.4) | 29093 (13.5) | ||
| Seldom | 9(9.5) | 26566 (12.4) | 8 (8.9) | 29595 (13.8) | ||
| Coffee | 0.626 | 0.661 | ||||
| No | 88 (92.6) | 200608 (93.5) | 85 (94.4) | 200447 (93.3) | ||
| Yes | 7 (7.4) | 13893 (6.5) | 5 (5.6) | 14427 (6.7) | ||
| Tea | 0.444 | 0.736 | ||||
| Never | 51 (53.7) | 98910 (46.1) | 56 (62.2) | 137557 (64.0) | ||
| Always | 26 (27.4) | 68840 (32.1) | 15 (16.7) | 34585 (16.1) | ||
| Often | 6 (6.3) | 22790 (10.6) | 7 (7.8) | 18266 (8.5 | ||
| Occasionally | 7 (7.4) | 14672 (6.8) | 5 (5.6) | 14242 (6.6) | ||
| Seldom | 5 (5.3) | 9289 (4.3) | 7 (7.8) | 10224 (4.8) | ||
| House facing the sun | 0.05 | 0.984 | ||||
| No | 3 (3.2) | 2314 (1.1) | 1 (1.1) | 2335 (1.1) | ||
| Yes | 92 (96.8) | 212187 (98.9) | 89 (98.9) | 212439 (98.9) | ||
| Living circumstance | 0.800 | 0.832 | ||||
| Single-storey house | 41 (43.2) | 85619 (39.9) | 36 (40.0) | 84696 (39.4) | ||
| House <=7 storey | 47 (49.5) | 113177 (52.8) | 46 (51.1) | 114358 (53.2) | ||
| House >7 storey | 7 (7.4) | 15705 (7.3) | 8 (8.9) | 15820 (7.4) | ||
| Calcium or Vitamin D supplement | 0.700 | 0.976 | ||||
| No | 91 (95.8) | 203608 (94.9) | 84 (93.3) | 200715 (93.4) | ||
| Yes | 4 (4.2) | 10893 (5.1) | 6 (6.7) | 14159 (6.6) | ||
| Average sleep time (hours) per day | 0.003 | 0.001 | ||||
| ≥7 | 49 (51.6) | 141352 (65.9) | 47 (52.2) | 76014 (35.4) | ||
| <7 | 46 (48.4) | 73149 (34.1) | 43 (47.8) | 138860 (64.6) | ||
| Previous history of fracture | 0.034 | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 89 (93.7) | 208585 (97.2) | 83 (92.2) | 211081 (98.2) | ||
| Yes | 6 (6.3) | 5916 (2.8) | 7 (7.8) | 3793 (1.8) | ||
| Menopause (age, year) | <0.001 | |||||
| <46 | 1 (1.1) | 5366 (2.5) | ||||
| 46–50 | 41 (45.6) | 57310 (26.7) | ||||
| >50 | 12 (13.3) | 19301 (9.0) | ||||
| Pre-menopausal | 36 (40.0) | 132897 (61.8) | ||||
| Children to give birth | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 9 (10.0) | 33559 (15.6) | ||||
| 1 | 18 (20.0) | 82164 (38.2) | ||||
| 2 | 47 (52.2) | 68588 (31.9) | ||||
| 3 | 13 (14.4) | 23874 (11.1) | ||||
| ≥4 | 3 (3.3) | 6689 (3.1) | ||||