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. 2018 Jul 11;8:10430. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28715-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fluorescence micrographs of vascular-like channels in cross section. Schematic cross section of a reactor shows a single channel (a). Schematic cross section of the channel in close-up shows a single layer of endothelial cells (EC) (b) and an additional SMC layer (c). Confluent layer of EC at the channel wall after 14 days of flow in cross section (d) (CD31 in green, Actin-phalloidin in red, DAPI in blue, 10x). Combination of SMC layer and the EC layer showing the distribution of SMCs close to the intact channel as a cross section after 7 days of flow (e) (CD31 in green, prelabelled fibroblasts in red, prelabelled SMCs in yellow, DAPI in blue, 20x). A representative fluorescence microscopy image in cross-section highlights the whole architecture of a multi-layered vessel model after 4 days of dynamic cultivation; EC are homogenously distributed in the inner part of the lumen, surrounded by fibroblasts and SMCs. (f) (Phalloidin in green, prelabelled fibroblasts in red, prelabelled SMCs in yellow, DAPI in blue, 5x).