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. 2018 Jul 11;8:10465. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28820-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Vocabulary size, polysemy, and synonymy across language morphospace. (a) The space Γ that can be occupied by language networks is shown in gray. Two limit cases (the one-to-one and star graphs) are also mapped. (b) Effective vocabulary size is only low near the star graph (in a prominent area labeled B) and along the Pareto front. (c) Polysemy is large in region B and as we complete the matrix A towards the upper-right corner. (d) Synonymy increases uniformly as we move apart from the front except for codes in B. This makes them highly Pareto inefficient.