Table 1.
Synthetic and natural cytoskeleton targeting compounds.
| Category | Target | Compound | Origin | Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Actin-targeting compounds | Actin stabilizers | Phallotoxin (Phalloidin) | Natural compound (Amanita phalloides) |
F-actin binding, ATP hydrolisis and depolymerization inhibition | Estes et al., 1981 |
| Jasplakinolide | Natural compound (Jaspis johnstoni) |
F-actin nucleation and polymerization enhancement | Bubb et al., 1994, 2000; Holzinger, 2009 | ||
| Cucurbitacin E | Natural compound (Cucurbitaceae) |
F-actin covalent bound and depolymerization inhibition | Sörensen et al., 2012 | ||
| Actin destabilizers | Latrunculins | Natural compound (Latrunculia magnifica) |
G-actin bound, monomers polymerization prevention | Morton et al., 2000 | |
| Cytochalasins | Natural compound (Helminthosporium) |
Capping F-actin barbed-ends preventing actin elongation | Brown and Spudich, 1981 | ||
| Swinholide A | Natural compound (Theonella swinhoei) |
Actin polymerization inhibition by G-actin sequestering | Klenchin et al., 2005 | ||
| Misakinolide A | Natural compound (Theonella) |
Inhibition of F actin elongation by sequestering G-actin and capping F-actin barbed ends | Terry et al., 1997 | ||
| Mycaloide B | Natural compound (Mycale izuensis) |
Inhibition of actin polymerization by suppression of actin-activated myosin Mg2+-ATPase activity | Saito et al., 1994 | ||
| Rho/ROCK/Myosin pathway | Rho activators | CN03 | Natural compound (Bacterial cytotoxic necrotizing factor) |
Deamidation of Gln-63 in RhoGTPase | Flatau et al., 1997 |
| Rho inhibitor | C. Botulinum C3 exoenzyme | Natural compound (Clostridium botulinum) |
ADP-ribosylation on Asp41 in the GTPase binding domain | Tautzenberger et al., 2013 | |
| ROCK inhibitors | Y27632 | Synthetic compound | Catalytic site competitive binding | Ishizaki et al., 2000 | |
| Fasudil (HA1077) | Synthetic compounds | Catalytic site competitive binding | Yamaguchi et al., 2006 | ||
| GSK269962A and SB772077B | Synthetic compounds | Catalytic site competitive binding | Doe et al., 2007 | ||
| Myosin II activator | Calyculin A | Natural compound (Theonellidae) |
Inactivation of phosphatase and promotion of MLC phosphorylation | Peterson et al., 2004 | |
| Myosin II inhibitors | Blebbistatin | Synthetic compound | Block of myosin in an actin-detached state by binding to the myosin-ADP-Pi complex | Kovács et al., 2003; Straight et al., 2003 | |
| ML7- ML9 | Synthetic compound | Interaction with ATP-binding site of MLCK | Saitoh et al., 1987; Shi et al., 2007 | ||
| Microtubules | MTs stabilizers | Paclitaxel | Natural compound (Taxus brevifolia) |
Prevention of MTs disassembly targeting tubulin | Rao et al., 1994; Arnal and Wade, 1995 |
| Taccalonolides (AF and AJ) | Natural compound (Tacca chantrieri) |
Regulation of tubulin nucleotide state and GTP hydrolysis inhibition | Wang et al., 2017 | ||
| MTs destabilizers | Nocodazole | Synthetic compound | Inhibition of MTs polymerization sequestering free tubulin dimers | Head et al., 1985 | |
| Colchicine | Natural compound (Colchicum autumnale) |
Prevention of MTs polymerization complexing with tubulin | Skoufias and Wilson, 1992 |