Table 3.
Prevalence rates and odds ratios of clinical cardiovascular risk factors and risk behaviors (smoking, drinking and sleep disorders) by depression status.
| “At risk”a variable | Depressedb N = 47–56 (30,4% males) |
Nondepressedb N = 529–588 (48.8%males) |
All N = 595–644 |
Odds ratios for being “at risk”a by depression statusb |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence rates % (n) (95%CI) | Women N = 328–340 Adjusted for age |
Men N = 302–304 Adjusted for age |
All adjusted for age and gender |
|||
| OR (95%CI) | ||||||
| Overweight or obesity | 41.1 (23) (29.0–54.4) | 32.8 (193) (29.1–36.7) | 33.6 (216) (30.0–37.3) | 2.0⁎ (1.002–4.0) | 1.0 (0.4–2.8) | 1.6 (0.0–2.8) |
| Abdominal adiposity | 41.1⁎ (23) (29.0–54.4) | 22.0⁎ (129) (18.8–25.6) | 23.9 (152) (20.8–27.4) | 2.5⁎ (1.2–4.8) | 1.7 (0.5–5.5) | 2.2⁎ (1.2–3.9) |
| Hypertension | 14.3 (8) (7–26) | 9.0 (50) (6.5–11.1) | 8.9 (58) (7.0–11.4) | 2.4 (0.5–11.9) | 3.1⁎ (1.1–8.7) | 2.8⁎ (1.2–6.8) |
| Impaired fasting glucose | 12.5 (7) (6.1–24.1) | 11.6 (67) (9.2–14.5) | 11.6 (74) (9.3–14.3) | 2.4 (0.8–6.8) | 0.6 (0.1–2.8) | 1.4 (0.6–3.2) |
| Insulin resistance | 37.5 (21) (25.8–50.9) | 23.7 (136) (20.4–27.4) | 25 (157) (21.6–28.4) | 2.3⁎ (1.1–4.6) | 1.3 (0.5–4.0) | 1.9⁎ (1.1–3.5) |
| Hypercholesterolemia, | 35.7 (20) (24.2–49.1) | 24.6 (142) (21.2–28.3) | 25.8 (162) (22.6–29.4) | 1.8 (0.9–3.5) | 0.7 (0.2–3.1) | 1.5 (0.8–2.7) |
| Low HDL | 35.7 (20) (24.2–49.1) | 27.2 (157) (23.7–31.0) | 28 (177) (24.7–31.6) | 2.0⁎ (1.01–4.1) | 0.9 (0.3–2.7) | 1.6 (0.9–2.8) |
| High LDL | 28.6 (16) (18.2–41.8) | 18.1 (104) (15.2–21.5) | 19.2 (120) (16.3–22.4) | 2.2⁎ (1.04–4.5) | 1.0 (0.3–3.7) | 1.8 (0.9–3.3) |
| Hypertriglyceridemia, | 23.2 (13) (13.9–36.1) | 12.7 (73) (10.2–15.6) | 13.6 (86) (11.2–16.5) | 3.4⁎ (1.6–7.4) | 0.4 (0–05-3.0) | 2.1⁎ (1.1–4.1) |
| Low fitness | 35.6 (16) (22.9–50.6) | 20.9 (115) (17.7–24.5) | 22.0 (131) (18.7–25.4) | 2.5⁎ (1.2–5.5) | 1.3 (0.4–4.3) | 2.0⁎ (1.1–3.9) |
| Regular smoker | 44.6 (25) (32.1–57.9) | 32.6 (191) (28.9–36.5) | 33.7 (216) (30.2–37.4) | 1.4 (0.7–2.9) | 3.0⁎ (1.1–8.4) | 1.9 (1.1–3.3) |
| Drinking, >recommendations | 17.1 (8) (8.7–30.7) | 17.2 (91) (14.2–20.7) | 17.1 (99) (14.2–20.4) | 0.9 (0.3–2.9) | 1.4 (0.4–4.5) | 1.1 (0.5–2.5) |
| Sleep disorder | 60.7⁎ (34) (47.3–72.7) | 13.3⁎ (78) (10.8–16.3) | 17.4 (112) (14.7–20.6) | 7.1⁎ (3.5–14.5) | 18⁎ (6.1–52.6) | 9.6⁎ (5.2–17.4) |
Varying N is explained by N = 574–577 for blood samples, N = 571 fitness N = 586 for smoking regularly, N = 587 for sleep disorder and N = 529 for risk of drinking > recommendations for the nondepressed, and by N = 55 for fitness and N = 47 for drinking disorder for depressed.
According to international guidelines; defined at risk if: Overweight or obese (≥25 BMI (kg/m2)), Abdominal adiposity (male: WC ≥ 94 cm, female: WC ≥ 80 cm), Hypertension: systolic BP ≥ 130 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥ 85 mm Hg, Glucose impairment: fasting glucose ≥ 5.6 mmol, Insulin resistance: (HOMA-IR) ≥ 75 sex-specific percentile of the population Hypercholesterolemia > 200 mg/Dl, Low HDL: cholesterol < 1.03 mmol/l (men) and < 1.29 mmol/l (women), High LDL: cholesterol > 130 mg/dl, Hypertriglyceridemia > 1.7 mmol/l, Low Fitness: lowest sex-specific quartile of fitness (mlO2/min/kg), Smoker: currently smoking every week or more, Drinking: more than national recommendations; men < 21, women < 14 units per week, Sleep disorder: having experienced restless or bad sleep several times a week/almost every night.
Mild, moderate or severe depression (MDI ≥ 20).
Significant difference between depressed/nondepressed (p ≤ 0.05).