Fig 3.

Example associations between risk factors and outcomes from traditional observational epidemiology and Mendelian randomisation instrumental variable estimates. ^{60 69 70 71 72 73} For some associations—such as vitamin D and mortality—the Mendelian randomisation results potentially confirm some causal relation. For other associations—CRP and heart disease—the Mendelian randomisation results are consistent with there being no causal effect. BMI=body mass index; CRP=C reactive protein; HDL-C=high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C=low density lipoprotein cholesterol