TABLE 3.
Effects of household food security on birth size of infants1
| Factors | Crude OR (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI)2 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food security | ||||
| Food secure | Reference | |||
| Food insecure | 1.37 (1.20, 1.57) | <0.001** | 1.38 (1.19, 1.59) | <0.001** |
| Sex of child | ||||
| Male | Reference | |||
| Female | 1.35 (1.19, 1.53) | <0.001** | 1.41 (1.24, 1.62) | <0.001** |
| Birth interval | 1.01 (0.98, 1.05) | 0.47 | — | |
| Mother's age at birth | 1.00 (0.98, 1.01) | 0.57 | — | |
| Mother's height | 0.99 (0.97, 1.00) | 0.013* | — | |
| Mother's BMI | 0.97 (0.95, 0.98) | <0.001** | — | |
| Mother's anemia status | ||||
| No anemia | Reference | |||
| Mild anemia | 0.95 (0.74, 1.23) | 0.72 | — | |
| Moderate to severe anemia | 1.11 (0.71, 1.74) | 0.64 | — | |
| Parity | ||||
| First birth | Reference | |||
| Subsequent births | 0.94 (0.81, 1.08) | 0.35 | 0.81 (0.70, 0.94) | 0.006* |
| Previous pregnancy loss | ||||
| No | Reference | |||
| Yes | 1.20 (1.01, 1.43) | 0.035* | — | |
| ANC visit | 0.93 (0.90, 0.96) | <0.001** | 0.94 (0.91, 0.97) | <0.001** |
| Mother's education | ||||
| No education | 1.85 (1.37, 2.50) | <0.001** | — | |
| Primary | 1.64 (1.21, 2.23) | 0.002* | — | |
| Secondary | 1.64 (1.22, 2.21) | 0.001* | — | |
| Higher | Reference | |||
| Mother's participation in health | ||||
| care decision | ||||
| No | Reference | |||
| Yes | 0.81 (0.71, 0.93) | 0.003* | — | |
| Mother's exposure to television | ||||
| Not at all | Reference | |||
| ≤1 time/wk | 0.96 (0.83, 1.10) | 0.55 | — | |
| Father's education | ||||
| No education | 1.49 (1.18, 1.90) | 0.001* | — | |
| Primary | 1.40 (1.12, 1.75) | 0.003* | — | |
| Secondary | 1.31 (1.03, 1.67) | 0.031* | — | |
| Higher | Reference | |||
| Region | ||||
| Barisal | Reference | |||
| Chittagong | 1.64 (1.23, 2.20) | <0.001** | 1.62 (1.21, 2.18) | 0.001* |
| Dhaka | 1.23 (0.93,1.63) | 0.14 | 1.20 (0.90, 1.60) | 0.21 |
| Khulna | 1.20 (0.90, 1.61) | 0.22 | 1.10 (0.81, 1.49) | 0.54 |
| Rajshahi | 1.22 (0.90, 1.65) | 0.19 | 1.13 (0.83, 1.54) | 0.45 |
| Rangpur | 1.00 (0.74, 1.35) | 0.98 | 1.00 (0.73, 1.37) | 1.00 |
| Sylhet | 1.78 (1.36, 2.32) | <0.001** | 1.71 (1.31, 2.24) | <0.001** |
| Place of residence | ||||
| Urban | Reference | |||
| Rural | 1.25 (1.05, 1.48) | 0.01* | — | |
| Cooking fuel | ||||
| Clean fuel | Reference | |||
| Polluting fuel | 1.43 (1.11, 1.84) | 0.005* | — | |
| Household wealth index | ||||
| Poorest | 1.43 (1.15, 1.78) | 0.001* | — | |
| Poorer | 1.39 (1.11, 1.73) | 0.004* | — | |
| Middle | 1.23 (0.99, 1.53) | 0.06 | — | |
| Richer | 1.22 (0.97, 1.52) | 0.09 | — | |
| Richest | Reference | |||
1
*Significant at P < 0.05; **Significant at P < 0.001. ANC, antenatal care.
2
The multivariable model was adjusted for sex of child, parity, ANC visit, and region.