Fig. 6.

Material characterization in citrus flavedo. (A) Stress–strain curve for determining flavedo stiffness $E_{\text{fl}}$ in an orange, with schematic of test specimen shown in Inset. (B) Stress–strain curve for crack propagation stress ${\sigma }_{\text{c}}$, with schematic of test specimen shown in Inset. (C) The relation between jet exit velocity (n = 9 for each point) and $E_{\text{fl}}$ (n = 5 for each point) for fruits measured 1 d (filled symbols) and 8 d (open symbols) after purchase to quantify the effects of ripeness on jetting velocities and flavedo properties.