Table 1.

Type and effectiveness of interventions for primary study outcomes

Type of engagement	Patient outcomes	Caregiver outcomes	Provider outcomes	Health system outcomes
Inform-activate-collaborate	5⇑ 9⇔	11⇑ 4⇔	–	5⇑ 3⇔
Inform-activate	18⇑ 5⇔	9⇑ 5⇔	1⇑	1⇑ 1⇔
Inform-collaborate	1⇔	2⇑	1⇑	–
Activate-collaborate	1⇑ 1⇔	2⇔	–	–

Numbers represent the number of studies reporting on each outcome

⇑ statistically significant positive effect of intervention, ⇔ no statistically significant effect of intervention or mixed effect of intervention, ⇓ statistically significant harmful effect of intervention