Table 1.
Summary of study characteristics, prevalence of depression and quality of studies included in this meta-analysis
| Depression criteria (threshold) | Study | Study design | Diagnosis | Sample size | Country | Age, mean (SD) | Males, % | Depression prevalence, % | Quality index |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HADS (≥ 7) | Baysal 2011 [27] | Cross-sectional | AS | 243 | Turkey | 34.7 (10.4) | 86.4 | 39.5 | 0.8 |
| Kilic 2014 [18] | Cross-sectional | axSpA | 316 | Turkey | 36.3 (9.5) | 63.0 | 44.0 | 0.9 | |
| AS | 174 | 38.3 (NS) | NS | 45.4 | |||||
| nr-axSpA | 142 | 33.9 (NS) | NS | 42.3 | |||||
| HADS (≥ 8) | Healey 2011 [20] | Cross-sectional | AS | 612 | UK | 50.8 (12.2) | 71.6 | 32.0 | 1.0 |
| Hakkou (a) 2011 [26] | Cross-sectional | AS | 110 | Morocco | 38.5 (12.6) | 68.2 | 55.5 | 0.9 | |
| Ates 2015 [32] | Cross-sectional | AS | 60 | Turkey | NS | 66.7 | 43.3 | 0.7 | |
| Dougados (a) 2017 [25] | RCT | nr-axSpA | 192 | Europe, Asia, and South America | 31.9 (7.8) | 60.1 | 32.3 | 0.9 | |
| HADS (≥ 11) | Martindale 2006 [21] | Longitudinal | AS | 89 | UK | Median (IQR): 50 (38.5–55.5) | 83.1 | 12.4 | 0.9 |
| MacFarlane 2017 [30] | Longitudinal | axSpA | 1504 | UK | Median (IQR): 51.2 (40.1–63.1) | 68 | 13.8 | 1.0 | |
| Hakkou (b) 2011 [26] | Cross-sectional | AS | 110 | Morocco | 38.5 (12.6) | 68.2 | 37.3 | 0.9 | |
| Rodríguez-Lozano 2012 [29] | Cross-sectional | AS | 190 | Spain | 48.4 (11.7) | 75.3 | 10.5 | 0.9 | |
| Dougados (b) 2017 [25] | Cross-sectional | nr-axSpA | 192 | Europe, Asia, and South America | 31.9 (7.8) | 60.1 | 15.6 | 0.9 | |
| SDS (≥ 50) | Günaydin 2009 [23] | Cross-sectional | AS | 62 | Turkey | 39.6 (10.3) | 83.9 | 27.4 | 0.9 |
| Jiang 2018 [31] | Cross-sectional | AS | 683 | China | 27.3 (8.7) | 80.4 | 64.0 | 1.0 | |
| SDS (≥ 51) | Zhang 2016 [17] | Cross-sectional | AS | 314 | China | 27.6 (8.3) | 74.5 | 35.4 | 0.8 |
| SDS (≥ 53) | Xu 2016 [22] | Cross-sectional | AS | 103 | China | 32.9 (10.7) | 75.7 | 36.9 | 0.8 |
| Zou 2016 [28] | Cross-sectional | axSpA | 60 | China | 31.8 (10.1) | 73.3 | 43.3 | 0.8 | |
| AS | 40 | 31.5 (10.1) | 70.0 | 42.5 | |||||
| PHQ-9 (≥ 10) | Hyphantis 2013 [19] | Longitudinal | AS | 55 | Greece | 42.9 (10.9) | 85.5 | 14.5 | 0.9 |
| SCID | Chan 2017 [24] | Cross-sectional | axSpA | 160 | Hong Kong | 46.2 (12.7) | 70.6 | 10.6 | 0.9 |
| AS | 122 | NS | NS | 11.5 |
HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale—depression subscale, SDS Zung self-rating depression scale, PHQ9 Patient Health Questionnaire, SCID Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, AS ankylosing spondylitis, axSpA axial spondyloarthritis, nr-axSpA non-radiographic axSpA, NS not specified, IQR interquartile range