Table 1.

Questions used to assess negative consequences of unmet needs for ADL tasks

Items	Questions (during the past month)
Feeding	Were there times you were unable to eat when you were hungry because no one was available to help you have food?
Dressing	Did you experience discomfort because you were unable to get assistance to change your dirty or wet clothes as soon as possible?
Bathing	Did you experience discomfort because you were unable to get assistance to bathe as often as possible? Did you experience a scald caused by bathing with water that was too hot?
Grooming	Did you experience discomfort with your face/teeth/hair because you were unable to get assistance to groom as often as possible?
Toileting	Were there times you had no choice but to hold back urine for a long time because no one was available to help you go to the restroom? Did you wet or soil yourself because you did not have help getting to the restroom?
Chair/bed transfer	Were there times you had no choice but to lie on the bed for a long time because no one was available to help you get out of bed? Have you ever had pressure sores?
Ambulating	Were there times you had no choice but to stay in the bedroom for a long time because no one was available to help you walk outside?
Using stairs	Were there times you had no choice but to stay on the same floor for a long time because no one was available to help you go downstairs?
Financial management	Were there times you lost money or overspent because no one was available to help you do financial management?
Assembling affairs	Did you experience chaos in everyday life because you were unable to get assistance to assemble affairs?
Shopping	Did you experience inconvenience due to a lack of daily supplies because you were unable to get assistance to do shopping?
Working on a hobby	Were there times you felt very bored because no one was available to help you do recreational activities?
Doing housework	Were there times you had no choice but to live in a dirty environment, because no one was available to help you do housework?
Cooking	Did you experience discomfort because you often had to eat food that did not meet your taste?
Social interaction	Were there times you had no choice but to live alone for a long time because no one was available to help you go outside to chat with others?
Memorizing	Were there times you forgot to take medicine or misused medicine because no one was available to remind you to take the medicine?
Using vehicles	Were there times you had no choice but to stay home when there was an urgent issue that needed to be dealt with outside because no one was available to take you to travel some distance?