Table 3.
Outcome measures across time between the intervention and control groups among those children aged between 8 and 12 years (n=101)
| Control (n=50) | Intervention (n=51) | P values | Effect size (95% CI)* | |
| State Anxiety Scale for Children (CSAS-C) (range: 10–30) | ||||
| T1 (before CR procedure) | 17.4 (4.0) | 18.0 (3.5) | ||
| T3 (after CR procedure) | 15.9 (4.7) | 15.3 (3.9) | 0.171† | 0.27 (−0.12 to 0.66)‡ |
| Children’s Emotional Manifestation Scale (range:5–25) | ||||
| T2 (during CR procedure)§ | 9.0 (2.6) | 7.0 (1.4) | <0.001¶ | 0.93 (0.51 to 1.33) |
| Heart rate (per minute) | ||||
| T1 (before CR procedure) | 86.3 (13.4) | 84.8 (12.6) | ||
| T2 (during CR procedure) | 96.2 (14.4) | 88.7 (14.5) | 0.037† | 0.41 (0.01 to 0.80)‡ |
| T3 (after CR procedure) | 89.9 (13.1) | 87.5 (13.8) | 0.720† | 0.07 (−0.32 to 0.46)‡ |
| Parent satisfaction score (range: 10–50) | ||||
| T3 (after CR procedure) | 42.8 (7.1) | 46.0 (6.5) | 0.020¶ | 0.47 (0.07 to 0.86) |
| CR technician satisfaction score (range: 8–40) | ||||
| T3 (after CR procedure) | 31.8 (3.5) | 34.8 (3.5) | <0.001¶ | 0.83 (0.42 to 1.24) |
| Duration of procedure (min) | 4.4 (2.2) | 3.9 (2.5) | 0.314¶ | 0.20 (−0.19 to 0.59) |
Data of variables marked with † are presented as median (IQR), otherwise as mean (SD).
*Cohen’s d effect size.
†P value testing for differential change at the underlying time point with respect to T1 by using GEE model.
‡The Cohen’s d effect size corresponds to the standardised mean difference of the mean changes at the underlying time point with respect to T1 between the intervention and control groups.
§Nature log-transformed before subjected to independent t-test.
¶Independent t-test.
CSAS-C, Chinese version of the State Anxiety Scale for Children; CR, cast removal; GEE, generalised estimating equation.